Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement
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The Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement (Finnish: tulopoliittinen kokonaisratkaisu, often called tupo; Swedish: inkomstpolitiskt avtal) is a tri-lateral treaty crafted by the Finnish government together with employees' and employers' trade unions. It is a policy document covering a wide range of economical and political issues, such as salaries, taxation, pensions, unemployment benefits and housing costs. It is collective bargaining taken to its logical maximum, reaching virtually all wage-earners. Its enforcement is made easier by the universal validity of collective labour agreements. However, it is not mandatory and is not considered a government decree, i.e. it does not represent central planning of the economy.
With the Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement the government and the trade unions try to reach a common understanding of the best choices for the national economy in terms of economic growth and real wages. The basic conundrum is simple: employees want higher salaries, employers want no wage hikes. The government wants to keep national competitiveness and employment rate high but also to ensure sufficient tax revenues and keep inflation in check.
The Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement is usually agreed on for a two-year period. It is not compulsory: if the employers' and employees' national organisations can't reach an agreement, no comprehensive treaty is signed. In that case, negotiations on salaries are carried out by individual trade federations with no government participation instead of a comprehensive treaty. Sometimes talks are not even initiated due to differences of opinion between trade unions.
The first Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement was negotiated by National Labour Dispute Conciliator Keijo Liinamaa. In 1967 Liinamaa was given a special task by Prime Minister Rafael Paasio: Liinamaa was to negotiate a comprehensive economical deal with employers' organisations and labour unions in order to prevent inflation due to rising wages. These negotiations resulted in the first Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement, so called "Liinamaa I" and brought fame to Liinamaa, a later caretaker Prime Minister. The tradition of comprehensive agreements has been particularly persistent since then, even if there are always doomsayers predicting their end. Currently, there is no such agreement. This follows from the political pressures to increase public sector competetivity that led to comparatively higher increases in public sector wages, particularly nurses' wages.
The agreements have ultimately been an effective way to curb inflation, particularly in the recent times where globalization puts pressure on both the employer and employee. The consensus policy unravelled several "perpetual inflation machine" problems: wages tied to price indices, constant competition over nominal wages between different employee unions resulting in constant nominal wage hikes, the government effectively subsidising these wage hikes by subsidising exports based on costs (including wages), and perpetual strikes to increase minor benefits (particularly Niilo Wälläri's seamen's union).
