Comprachicos

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Comprachicos (also comprapequeños) is a compound Spanish neologism meaning "child-buyers" which was created by Victor Hugo in his novel The Man Who Laughs.^[1] However, the French writer, Pascal Bruckner, gave only as much credence to the term and practice by saying, "if we take Victor Hugo's word for it."^[2]

It refers to various groups in folklore who were said to change the physical appearance of human beings by manipulating growing children, in a similar way to the horticultural method of bonsai – or through deliberate mutilation. Allusion to this myth is common in reference to any group or body who seek to alter the minds of children through calculated manipulation. It was one of many unsavory practices alleged to have been practiced by the Gypsies, who were readily demonized due to their perennial outsider status. It was also strongly associated with freak shows, whose popularity was never harmed by an air of savage mystery.

The most common methods said to be used in this practice included stunting children's growth by physical restraint, muzzling their faces to deform them (compare the sufferings of the protagonist of Alexandre Dumas's The Man in the Iron Mask), slitting their eyes, dislocating their joints, and malforming their bones.^{[citation needed]}

The fantastical and absurd aspects of this myth are illustrated in the descriptions of how comprachicos purportedly created artificial dwarfs "by annointing babies' spines with the grease of bats, moles and dormice" and using drugs such as "dwarf elder, knotgrass, and daisy juice". The superstitution was known to Shakespeare, as Beatrice K. Otto pointed out, quoting A Midsummer's Night Dream:^[3]

Get you gone, dwarf;
You minimus, of hindering knot-grass made;

As was common for an outsider-based myth enjoying commodity in the 19th century, the practice also came to be associated with the Chinese by Westerners.^{[citation needed]} The methodology was described through fantastical claims, risible to a modern audience but quite credible at the time, as ranging from the transfusion of animal hide and other exotic surgery to simple deprivation of light, space, and vital nutrition.^{[citation needed]}

Victor Hugo's novel The Man Who Laughs is a horror story of a young aristocrat kidnapped and disfigured by his captors to display a permanent grin. In the novel, Hugo gives his own account of the work of the Comprachicos:

"In China, since time immemorial, they have achieved refinement in a special art and industry: the molding of a living man. One takes a child two or three years old, one puts him into a porcelain vase, more or less grotesque in shape, without cover or bottom, so that the head and feet protrude. In the daytime, one keeps this vase standing upright; at night, one lays it down, so that the child can sleep. Thus the child expands without growing, slowly filling the contours of the vase with his compressed flesh and twisted bones. This bottled development continues for several years. At a certain point, it becomes irreparable. When one judges that this has occurred and that the monster is made, one breaks the vase, the child comes out, and one has a man in the shape of a pot."

This example clearly displays all of the most common elements of the legend: first, association with outsiders (the Chinese); second, the victim being a young child; and third, assertions of the methodology that stretch the limits of credibility but seem to remain within the domain of the possible. The Chinese practice of foot binding would have been known around this time, which may have contributed to the believability of the tales.

The comprachico legend is relatively uncommon in English,^{[citation needed]} but seems to enjoy relative currency in the culture of Spain and its former empire;^{[citation needed]} for instance, in the travel book In Patagonia, a similar process is ascribed by the natives of Patagonia to a sinister cult in the legend of the Brujería.

[edit] Modern references

"Comprachico" has been adopted as pejorative term used for individuals and entities who manipulate the minds and attitudes of children in a way that will permanently distort their beliefs or worldview. 20th-century philosopher Ayn Rand referred to educators as "the Comprachicos of the mind" in her article "The Comprachicos". Her criticism was targeted especially towards educational progressivists, but also grade school and high school educators.^[4] [1]

The term comprachico is very uncommonly used in modern English except in reference or allusion to the antiquated folklore, but similar stories do exist in the English speaking world. For instance, a tale circulating since at least the 1980s tells of a Japanese bride who disappears during her honeymoon in Europe; years later her husband discovers she has been abducted, mutilated, and forced to work in a freak show.^[5]

A hoax website claiming to do the equivalent with kittens, bonsaikitten.com, provoked outrage when it was published in 2000; while the parallels are obvious, it makes no clear reference or allusion to the practice of the comprachicos.

[edit] See also

• Invunche
• Foot binding - a related, historical practice

[edit] References