Compounding

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Compounding pharmacy is the long-standing process of mixing drugs by a pharmacist or physician to fit the unique needs of a patient. For example, a patient allergic to the dyes or gluten-based excipients used in a pill can obtain a doctor’s prescription for the necessary medicine to be compounded without the offending ingredient.

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[edit] History

Throughout history, there has always been a need for pharmacists to compound drugs for individualized dosages. When the pharmaceutical industry began mass-producing drugs and dosage forms for patients in the 1950s, compounding became less widespread. In recent years, many patients’ unique health needs have driven more business to compounding pharmacists.

The art of pharmaceutical compounding has ancient roots. Hunter-gatherer societies had some knowledge of the medicinal properties of the animals, plants, molds, fungus and bacteria as well as inorganic minerals within their environment.

Ancient civilizations utilized pharmaceutical compounding for religion, grooming, keeping the healthy well, treating the ill and preparing the dead. These ancient compounders produced the first oils from plants and animals. They discovered poisons and the antidotes. They made ointments for wounded patients as well as perfumes for customers.

The earliest druggists were familiar with various natural substances and their uses. These drug artisans compounded a variety of preparations such as medications, dyes, incense, perfumes, ceremonial compounds, preservatives and cosmetics. The Bible lists many drugs that were compounded in biblical times in the Middle East.

Drug compounders seeking gold and the fountain of youth drove the Alchemy movement. Alchemy eventually contributed to the creation of modern pharmacy and the principles of pharmacy compounding.

In the medieval Islamic world, Muslim physicians developed methods of compounding drugs for use in pharmacy and pharmacology.

The modern age of pharmacy compounding began in the nineteenth century with the isolation of various compounds from coal tar for the purpose of producing synthetic dyes. From this one natural product came the earliest antibacterial sulfa drugs, phenolic compounds made famous by Joseph Lister, and plastics.

During the 1800s, pharmacists specialized in the raising, preparation and compounding of crude drugs. Crude drugs, like opium, are from natural sources and usually contain multiple chemical compounds. The compounding pharmacist often extracted these crude drugs using water or alcohol to form extracts, concoctions and decoctions.

Pharmacists began isolating and identifying the active ingredients contained within these crude drug concoctions. Using fractionation or recrystallization, the compounding pharmacist would separate the active ingredients, like morphine, and use it in place of the crude drug. During this time modern medicine began.

With the isolation of medications from the “raw materials” or crude drugs came the birth of the modern pharmaceutical company. Pharmacists were trained to compound the preparations made by the drug companies, but they weren’t able to do it efficiently on a small scale. So economies of scale, not lack of skill or knowledge, produced a market for the modern pharmaceutical drug companies (Pharma).

With the turn of the twentieth century came government involvement and subsequent regulation of the practice of medicine. In the 1938 the Government of the United States imposed new regulations on the drug companies and formed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when several people died from a poorly prepared sulfa drug that used ethylene glycol as a base. These new regulations forced the drug companies to prove that any new medication they brought to market was safe.

Pharmacy compounding was still going strong in the 1930s, with over 80% of the prescriptions dispensed being compounded by the dispensing pharmacist.[citation needed] With the discovery of penicillin, modern marketing techniques and brand promotion, the drug manufacturing industry came of age. Pharmacists continued to compound most prescriptions until the early 1950s when the majority of dispensed drugs came directly from the large pharmaceutical companies.

From the 1950s to the 1980s, pharmaceutical compounding became almost obsolete and a lost art. Pharmaceutical compounding continued losing favor as the big drug companies became larger and more powerful until they eventually dominated the practice of medicine. It was during this time that patients and physician became dissatisfied with the “one size fits all” attitude of the large Pharma companies. Physicians searching for drugs to treat their patients led to the reawakening of the ancient art of prescription compounding.

Today many pharmacists[who?] specialize in the ancient art of pharmaceutical compounding. In 2006, over 30 million compounded prescriptions were dispensed not counting all the admixtures and injectable drugs compounded in America’s hospitals.[citation needed] Pharmaceutical compounding has been responsible for the health of millions of individual patients, has given birth to modern pharmaceutical companies and continues to be a vital link in the search for new drugs and dosage forms.

[edit] Uses

Compounding is one of the pillars of new drug development. Most medications have gained widespread usage throughout the entire medical community thanks to the practice of pharmaceutical compounding and the compounding pharmacist. Every major pharmaceutical company ever in existence or currently operating started in a compounding pharmacy with a compounding pharmacist.

Without the practice of pharmaceutical compounding and compounding pharmacists none of the drugs we have today would have been discovered. Pharmaceutical compounding is a branch of pharmacy that continues to play the crucial role of new drug research and development.

Physicians often prescribe compounded medicines for patients with unique health needs, because they are able to tailor a prescription to each individual. Compounding preparations are especially prevalent for:

[edit] Regulation

Compounding pharmacies are licensed and regulated by state Boards of Pharmacy in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Additionally, pharmacies follow guidelines from U.S. Pharmacopeia.

Compounding pharmacists must work within the jurisdiction of the FDA, they are simply exempt from many FDA requirements so long as they are state-compliant and compound pursuant to a valid prescription. However, the FDA registers and inspects the facilities that supply manufacturers with active pharmaceutical ingredients.

The Pharmacy Compounding Accreditation Board was created in 2006 as a voluntary accreditation body by pharmacy organizations to establish high quality standards for compounding pharmacies.

[edit] Controversies

There is currently a controversy over who should regulate compounding pharmacies. The FDA is concerned that many compounders are acting as large-scale manufacturers of new drugs, and are subject to the numerous rules that apply to drug makers. The FDA has repeatedly asserted that all compounded drugs are new drugs and are thus illegal, but it will exercise its “enforcement discretion.” The Agency has issued numerous warning letters to compounding pharmacies, threatening actions including, but "not limited to, seizure of your products or injunction against you or your firm." The International Academy of Compounding Pharmacists states that "Congress, the U.S. Supreme Court, and each of the 50 state boards of pharmacy that regulate compounding have long recognized the value of pharmacy compounding, yet the FDA has contended for nearly 20 years that compounded medications are illegal. Compounded medications are not new, unapproved drugs and pharmacies dispensing them act only under a doctor’s prescription. To the extent that there are patient safety issues, state boards of pharmacy are well-equipped to deal with them.” Recent court rulings, such as Medical Center Pharmacy v. Gonzales (2006) support the position taken by IACP.

Compounding pharmacy has been caught up in the recent controversy over hormone replacement therapy.[1] Synthetic hormones, manufactured by large drug companies such as Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, were found to lead to increased rates of heart disease, breast cancer and stroke in the Women’s Health Initiative study, halted in 2002. As an alternative to synthetics, many physicians prescribe bioidentical hormones for patients suffering from menopausal symptoms. These hormones are mixed in a compounding pharmacy. Groups such as the North American Menopause Society have raised concerns about the marketing of these drugs. The compounding pharmacy profession purports to make no claims about the safety and efficacy of bioidentical hormones, and believes it should be up to a patient and her doctor to decide on the best course of treatment for menopausal symptoms.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Experts Voice Concerns on 'Natural' HRT Alternatives National Public Radio, Morning Edition, 2005 November 23.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

[edit] IJPC papers on compounding