Compact operator

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In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, a compact operator is a linear operator L from a Banach space X to another Banach space Y, such that the image under L of any bounded subset of X is a relatively compact subset of Y. Such an operator is necessarily a bounded operator, and so continuous.

Any L that has finite rank is a compact operator; indeed, the class of compact operators is a natural generalisation of the class of finite rank operators in an infinite-dimensional setting. When X = Y and is a Hilbert space, it is true that any compact operator is a limit of finite rank operators, so that the class of compact operators can be defined alternatively as the closure in the operator norm of the finite rank operators. Whether this was true in general for Banach spaces (the approximation property) was an unsolved question for many years; in the end Enflo gave a counter-example.

The origin of the theory of compact operators is in the theory of integral equations, where integral operators supply concrete examples of such operators. A typical Fredholm integral equation gives rise to a compact operator K on function spaces; the compactness property is shown by equicontinuity. The method of approximation by finite rank operators is basic in the numerical solution of such equations. The abstract idea of Fredholm operator is derived from this connection.

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[edit] Origins in integral equation theory

A crucial property of compact operators is the Fredholm alternative, which asserts that the existence of solution of linear equations of the form

(λK + I)u = f

behaves much like as in finite dimensions. The spectral theory of compact operators then follows, and it is due to Frigyes Riesz (1918). It shows that a compact operator K on an infinite-dimensional Banach space has spectrum that is either a finite subset of C which includes 0 (in that case, the operator has finite rank), or the spectrum is a countably infinite subset of C which has 0 as its only limit point. Moreover, in either case the non-zero elements of the spectrum are eigenvalues of K with finite multiplicities (so that K − λI has a finite dimensional kernel for all complex λ ≠ 0).

An important example of a compact operator is compact embedding of Sobolev spaces, which, along with the Gårding inequality and the Lax-Milgram theorem, can be used to convert an elliptic boundary value problem into a Fredholm integral equation.[1] Existence of the solution and spectral properties then follow from the theory of compact operators; in particular, an elliptic boundary value problem on a bounded domain has infinitely many isolated eigenvalues. One consequence is that a solid body can vibrate only at isolated frequencies, given by the eigenvalues, and arbitrarily high vibration frequencies always exist.

The compact operators from a Banach space to itself form a two-sided ideal in the algebra of all bounded operators on the space. Indeed, the compact operators on a Hilbert space form a minimal ideal, so the quotient algebra, known as the Calkin algebra, is simple.

[edit] Compact operator on Hilbert spaces

Main article: Compact operator on Hilbert space

An equivalent definition of compact operators on a Hilbert space may be given as follows.

An operator T on a Hilbert space \mathcal{H}

T:\mathcal{H} \to \mathcal{H}

is said to be compact if it can be written in the form

T = \sum_{n=1}^N \lambda_n \langle f_n, \cdot \rangle g_n

where 1 \le N \le \infty and f_1,\ldots,f_N and g_1,\ldots,g_N are (not necessarily complete) orthonormal sets. Here, \lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_N is a sequence of positive numbers, called the singular values of the operator. The singular values can accumulate only at zero. The bracket \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle is the scalar product on the Hilbert space; the sum on the right hand side converges in the operator norm.

For any compact operator T, the compact perturbation of the identity I + T is Fredholm operator with index 0.

An important subclass of compact operators are the trace-class or nuclear operators.

[edit] Equivalent formulations

In the following, X,Y,Z,W are Banach spaces, B(X,Y) is space of bounded operators from X to Y, K(X,Y) is space of compact operators from X to Y, B(X)=B(X,X), K(X)=K(X,X), BX is the unit ball in X, idX is the identity operator on X.

[edit] Completely continuous operators

Let X and Y be Banach spaces. A bounded linear operator T : X → Y is called completely continuous if, for every weakly convergent sequence (xn) from X, the sequence (Txn) is norm-convergent in Y (Conway 1985, §VI.3). Compact operators on a Banach space are always completely continuous. If X is a reflexive Banach space, then every completely continuous operator T : X → Y is compact.

[edit] Some properties

  • Let Tn, n ∈ N, be a sequence of compact operators from one Banach space to the other, and suppose that Tn converges to T with respect to the operator norm. Then T is also compact. Hence, K(X,Y) is closed subspace of B(X,Y).
  • B(Y,Z)\circ K(X,Y)\circ B(W,X)\subseteq K(W,Z) This is a generalization of the statement that K(X) forms a two-sided operator ideal in B(X).
  • idX is compact if and only if X has finite dimension.
  • For any T\in K(X), idx − T is a Fredholm operator of index 0. In particular, \operatorname{im}\,(id_X-T) is closed. This is essential in developing the spectral properties of compact operators. One can notice the similarity between this property and the fact that, if M and N are subspaces of a Banach space where M is closed and N is finite dimensional, then M + N is also closed.

[edit] Examples

  • For some fixed g ∈ C([0, 1]; R), define the linear operator T by
(Tf)(x) = \int_0^x f(t)g(t) \, \mathrm{d} t.
That the operator T is indeed compact follows from the Ascoli theorem.
  • More generally, if Ω is any domain in Rn and the integral kernel k : Ω × Ω → R is a Hilbert-Schmidt kernel, then the operator T on L2(Ω; R) defined by
(T f)(x) = \int_{\Omega} k(x, y) f(y) \, \mathrm{d} y
is a compact operator.
  • By Riesz's lemma, the identity operator is a compact operator if and only if the space is finite dimensional.


[edit] See also

[edit] References

 This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)
  1. ^ William McLean, Strongly Elliptic Systems and Boundary Integral Equations, Cambridge University Press, 2000
  • Conway, John B. (1985), A course on functional analysis, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-96042-2 
  • Renardy, Michael and Rogers, Robert C. (2004). An introduction to partial differential equations, Second edition, Texts in Applied Mathematics 13, New York: Springer-Verlag, 356. ISBN 0-387-00444-0.  (Section 7.5)
  • Kutateladze, S.S. (1996). Fundamentals of Functional Analysis, Second edition, Texts in Mathematical Sciences 12, New York: Springer-Verlag, 292. ISBN 978-0-7923-3898-7.