Commonwealth men

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The Commonwealth men, Commonwealth's men, or Commonwealth Party is a term used by A. F. Pollard and other historians to refer to highly outspoken English Protestant religious, political, and economic reformers during the early 18th century. They promoted republicanism and had a great influence on Republicanism in the United States, but little impact in Britain.

The most noted commonwealthmen were John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, who wrote the seminal work Cato's Letters between 1720 and 1723. Other members include Robert Crowley, Henry Brinkelow, Hugh Latimer, Thomas Beccon, Thomas Lever, and John Hales. They condemned corruption and lack of morality in British political life, theorizing that only civic virtue could protect a country of despotism and ruin.

Their criticism about enclosure and the general material plight of the poor was particularly notable to early twentieth-century scholars like Tawney who saw in them a valuable though regrettably abortive form of Christian Socialism that represented a preferable alternative to the view of Max Weber that Protestantism enabled and sustained the rise of capitalism. Since the 1979 publication of an article by G. R. Elton, the existence of a "commonwealth party" has been widely rejected as a largely romantic, sentimental construction, and its supposed "members" are unlikely to be classified even as a "movement" now, but reference to the "commonwealth men" or "commonwealthsmen" persists in scholarly literature.

Although nearly all British politicians and thinkers rejected the ideas of the commonwealth men, these writers had a powerful effect on British colonial America. It is estimated that half the private libraries in the American Colonies held bound volumes of Cato's Letters on their shelves. The Commonwealthman ideas of civic virtue, freedom, and government carefully regulated and controlled by the people were major principles in the republicanism that became the dominant ideology of the American Revolution and the new American nation.

[edit] References

• Trevor Colbourn, The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution (1965) online version
• Robbins, Caroline. The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmission, Development, and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies (1959, 2004). table of contents online