Commodore 64 software
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The Commodore 64 amassed a large software library of nearly 10,000 commercial titles, rivaled in its day only by the Apple II family (a hardware-based Apple II+ emulation unit called The Spartan, manufactured by Mimic Systems Inc., was available for the C-64 for a brief time, but never gained much popularity).
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[edit] BASIC
Like most computers from the late 1970s and 1980s, the Commodore 64 came with a version of the BASIC programming language. It was used for both writing software and for performing the duties of an operating system such as loading software, formatting disks, etc...
Unfortunately, the onboard BASIC programming language offered no easy way to tap the machine's advanced graphics and sound capabilities. Accessing these associated memory addresses to make use of the advanced features required using the PEEK and POKE commands, third party BASIC extensions, such as Simons' BASIC, or to program in assembly language. Commodore had a better implementation of BASIC but chose to ship the C64 with the same BASIC 2.0 used in the VIC-20 to minimize cost. This, however, did not stop countless people making thousands of programs in the BASIC V2 language, and teaching people their first steps in computer programming.
[edit] Development tools
Aside from games and office applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, and database programs, the C64 was well equipped with development tools from Commodore as well as third-party vendors. Various assembler solutions were available; the MIKRO assembler came in cartridge form and integrated seamlessly with the standard BASIC screen editor. Several companies sold BASIC compilers, C compilers and Pascal compilers, and a subset of Ada, to mention but a few popular languages available for the machine.
The likely-most popular entertainment oriented development suite was the Shoot'Em-Up Construction Kit, affectionately known as SEUCK. SEUCK allowed those non-skilled in programming to create original, professional-looking shooting games. Garry Kitchen's Gamemaker and Arcade Game Construction Kit also allowed non-programmers to create simple games with little effort. Text adventure game tools included The Quill and Graphic Adventure Creator development suites. The Pinball Construction Set gave users a pinball machine to design.
[edit] Modern Day Development Tools
Software development on the Commodore 64 never really stopped, there are many tools available today including IDE's such as Relaunch64 for the PC. Along with small C compilers (cc65) there are many assemblers (Turbo Assembler) and cross assemblers to be used on modern day PCs like Kick Assembler, dasm, acme, ca65 and c64asm.
Tools such as PuCrunch, a LZ77 data and executable self extracting compression program are also available released under GNU LGPL. Sprite editors like Sprite Pad allow you to design C64 Sprites and animations using Windows. GoatTracker allows you to write music using modern OS's and uses the ReSID engine.
C64 Codebase and C64 Wiki are good sources of information for programming on the Commodore 64. Fairlight provide an extensive list of tools to help as well as Lemon64.
[edit] Games
Due to the quality and quantity of games written for the computer (thanks in part to the advanced sound and graphic hardware), the Commodore 64 became well known primarily as a gaming and home entertainment platform more so than a serious business computer. The Commodore 64's large installed user base encouraged commercial companies to flood the market with game software, even up until Commodore's demise in 1994. Perhaps the most striking aspect of the Commodore 64's gaming history is the sheer number of game titles written for the machine. In total (according to Gamebase 64) there exist well over 20,000 unique game titles for the Commodore 64 - perhaps the largest game catalog for any home computer or game console to date, and easily rivaling the quantity of games produced for the ZX Spectrum.
Commodore didn't publish many games itself for the C64, instead releasing game cartridges primarily from their failed MAX Machine for the C64. Commodore included an "Ultimax" mode in the Commodore 64's hardware, which allowed the computer to emulate a MAX machine for this purpose. Commodore's most notable contribution to the C64's gaming lore in this early period was perhaps its cartridge based game "International Soccer", which stood the test of time - even being converted to floppy disk and republished later to more sales.
However, aside from the initial Commodore cartridges, very few cartridge-based games were released for the Commodore. Most third-party game cartridges came from Llamasoft, Activision, and Atarisoft, however some of these games found their way into disk and tape versions too. Only later when the failed C64GS console was produced, did cartridges make a brief comeback, including the production of a few more cartridge-only games. Crackers managed to port these games to disk later on.
It was mostly common for prepackaged commercial game software to either come on floppy disk or cassette tape format, and sometimes both. Cassette based games were usually cheaper than their disk based counterparts; however, due to the Datasette's lack of speed and random access, many large games (such as role-playing games) were never made for the cassette format. Commodore gaming enthusiasts were mainly split between those who had spent money on purchasing a floppy drive, and those who suffered with the limitations of the cheaper Datasette. Despite this, a great deal of software was produced on cassette, including many "budget" games produced by companies like Mastertronic, Firebird, and Codemasters which was released on cassette only and sold for a fraction of the price of full-price commercial software.
Whilst many commercial software companies produced prepackaged game software, an abundant supply of free software was also available. Given the accessibility of BASIC on the Commodore 64, many BASIC games were also ported from other computer platforms and modified for the Commodore 64. Type-in programs in both books and magazines were published, and public domain software was developed, and released from both BBS systems and public domain libraries such as "Binary Zone" in the UK.
There were many classic must-have games produced on the Commodore 64, perhaps too many to mention, including versions of classic arcade games. Of particular note, the smash hit Impossible Mission produced by Epyx was originally designed for the Commodore 64. Epyx's multievent games (Summer Games, Winter Games, World Games, and California Games) were very popular, as well as perhaps the first driving game with split screen dynamics, Pitstop II. Most of these games eventually made an appearance on the Commodore DTV joystick unit many years later. Other hit games such as Boulder Dash, The Sentinel, Archon, and Elite were all given Commodore 64 versions. Cassette users may remember titles such as Master of Magic, One Man and His Droid, and Spellbound on Mastertronic's budget labels. Other notable titles on the Commodore 64 include the Ultima and Bard's Tale role playing game series. Hewson/Graftgold were responsible for several well-received C64 titles including Paradroid and Uridium—made famous for their metallic bas-relief styled graphic effects and addictive gameplay. System 3 produced The Last Ninja action adventure series originally on the C64. Armalyte, a groundbreaking shoot'em up title from Thalamus Ltd, and Turrican I & II are among some of the highest rated games for the Commodore 64 (according to Zzap64, which awarded "Gold Medals" to these games).
Notable game designers for the Commodore 64 are: Paul Norman, Dan Bunten (aka Danielle Barry), Andrew Braybrook, Stephen Landrum, Tim and Chris Stamper, Jeff Minter and Tony Gibson just to name a few.
During the final commercial years of the Commodore 64, Commodore Format magazine awarded the only 100% rating ever given to a Commodore 64 game in any major Commodore 64 publication. As no game had ever received such a high rating before, and as the commercial Commodore 64 scene was winding down in the mid-1990s, the awarding of 100% was seen as somewhat controversial. The game, titled Mayhem in Monsterland, was developed to exploit a multitude of programming tricks and quirks in the Commodore 64's hardware to the maximum. The impressive use of non-standard colours and scrolling resulted was perhaps the most graphically stunning game ever produced for the Commodore 64. The gameplay itself is similar to that of Nintendo's Super Mario Bros. and SEGA's Sonic the Hedgehog.
Whilst the bulk of commercial activity for games no longer exists for the C64, many enthusiasts and hobbyists still write games for the platform.
[edit] Gaming History
[edit] 1983
Even though the C64 was a real computer, the most successful application category were computer games. The C64 was designed with this in mind, supported sprites, music, joysticks and everything else that was necessary. Like video game consoles it has a cartridge slot. The early C64 games were mainly produced by well-known video game producers like Atari and Activision, released as cartridges and represent the style of the early 80s video games. Most of them were conversions of successful arcade games with very simple gameplay. They were also limited by the amount of ROM on the cartridges, which was usually between 8 and 16 kB.
Donkey Kong, Ms. Pac-Man, Pitstop and Q*Bert are all examples of console video games that have been ported to the C64. Graphically the C64 ports were on par with or even better than the versions for the best consoles of the time, the Atari 5200 and the ColecoVision.
[edit] 1984
Being a real home computer, the C64 had the capabilities for more complex games than the console competition. Especially its RAM was much larger than the consoles with only 8-16 kB. Having an older audience — due to its much higher price — might have helped as well. Soon video game publishers released more complex games like the Archon, Ghostbusters and Impossible Mission.
[edit] 1985
In 1984-1985, the landscape of C64 games changed. After the video game crash of 1983 many of the old publishers left the business. At the same time, floppy disk drives and Datassette tape recorders became more widespread. They had three advantages over the old cartridges: everybody with a C64 and a few programming tools was able to create a game on a floppy disk or tape; the media were cheaper to replicate, lowering the initial investment for new publishers; and they offered a storage space of 160 kB, much larger than most cartridges. Consequently many new companies like Graftgold were created and developed innovative games like Paradroid. Many of these new companies were European, especially British. Roleplay-games like The Bard's Tale shipped on several disks, allowing unprecedently large games with much more graphics than cartridge-based games. 1985 was the year the "SID artists" started pushing the Commodore 64 SID to its limits.
[edit] 1987
In 1987, the C64 reached the peak of its popularity. Most of the best-known C64 games, like Pirates!, Maniac Mansion and Wizball, were released in this year.
[edit] 1988-
After 1987, the C64 market was slowly fading away. Much more powerful 16-bit computers, like the Commodore Amiga, were available for two years and became cheaper. Still some of the most spectacular games were released after 1987. International 3D Tennis was one of very few 3D games, even if only with wireframe players. SimCity was a relatively complex simulation that has been ported to the C64, but in a simplified version. Thalamus games were renowned to push the C64 hardware to its limits until the 1990s.
[edit] Applications, utility, and business software
While many businesses did not take the Commodore 64 seriously as a business machine, the Commodore 64 was still widely used for many important tasks, including computer graphics creation, desktop publishing, and word processing.
The best known art package was perhaps KoalaPainter, primarily because of its own custom graphics tablet user interface - the KoalaPad. Another popular drawing program for the C64 was Doodle!. A Commodore 64 version of The Print Shop existed, allowing users to generate signs and banners with a printer. "The Newsroom" was a desktop publishing suite. Lightpens and CAD drawing software were also commercially produced, such as the Inkwell Lightpen and related tools.
There were many wordprocessors available for the Commodore 64, but the best value-for-money program was SpeedScript, which was actually a type-in program from Compute!'s Gazette. The commercial spreadsheet application from Microsoft named MultiPlan was ported to the Commodore 64, where it competed against established packages such as Calc Result. A complete office suite arrived in the form of British made Mini Office II. In Germany and Scandinavia, many popular application programs were published by German company Data Becker.
Serious Commodore 64 business users, however, were drawn to GEOS. Due to its speed, ease of use, and full suite of office applications and utility software, GEOS provided a work environment similar to that of an early Apple Macintosh. Arguably the best office applications appeared on GEOS because it was graphically advanced and not limited by the Commodore 64's screen area of 40-columns. Being a fully-fledged OS, GEOS brought the arrival of many add-on fonts, accessories, and applications. It also supported most Commodore 64 peripherals and models of third-party printers. KoalaPad and Lightpen users could use GEOS too, which greatly increased the amount of clip-art available for the platform. GEOS proved very popular because of low price for the necessary hardware (and of course the capability of the OS). This was due in part to the aggressive pricing of the Commodore 64 as a games machine and home computer (With rebates, the C64 was going for as little as US$100 at the time). This was in comparison to an atypical PC for US$2000 (which required MS-DOS, and another $99 for Windows 1.0) or the venerable Mac 512K Enhanced also $2000.
There were numerous sound editing tools for the Commodore 64. Commodore released music composition software which included a keyboard overlay suited for early model Commodore 64s. Software titles such as the Music Construction Set were available for users to compose music with notes, however the only tools which really pushed the C64's sonic capability to the full were mostly demoscene music tools, or pure assembly language. MIDI expansion cartridges and speech synthesizing hardware was also available for more serious musicians. The Prophet64 cartridge was recently released and features a suite of GUI-style applications for sequencing music, drum and rhythm synthesis, MIDI DIN-sync, and taking advantage of the SID chip in other ways, effectively turning the C64 into a true musical instrument that anyone can use. There was also software which could be used to make the Commodore 64 speak, the best-known being SAM.
The first screen shows the C64's BASIC with a small program. The BASIC interpreter does not only allow the user to write programs, but it is also used as command prompt, so in order to load a program a BASIC command needs to be entered.
- KoalaPainter is an early paint program. It uses two screens. The first displays a menu and is being shown here. The other screen is the picture that is being worked on. The program is controlled either by a joystick or with a graphics tablet that was also sold by Koala.
- Magic Desk is an application by Commodore that tries to resemble a real type writer. It contains basic editing functions though.
- Multiplan is a text-based spreadsheet application, written by Microsoft.
- Vizawrite is another text-based word processor for the C64, but looks more like the professional word processors of the early 80s.
- GEOS was a graphical user interface, first released in 1987. It was a small revolution at its time, because until then GUIs were only available for the much more powerful 16-bit machines.
- geoPaint is a paint program for GEOS. Beside the small resolution it had all capabilities of other GUI-based drawing programs of its time.
- geoWrite is a word processor for GEOS. It did not only have a GUI, but also supported many different styles and fonts with the WYSIWYG principle, unlike the other word processors on the C64.
- UIFLI (Underlay Interlace Flexible Line Interpreter) is a Graphicsmode on the Commodore 64 invented by DeeKay and Crossbow of Crest in 1997.
[edit] Type-ins, bulletin boards, and disk magazines
Besides prepackaged commercial software, the C64, like the VIC before it, had a large library of type-in programs. Numerous computer magazines offered type-in programs, usually written in BASIC or assembly language or a combination of the two. Because of its immense popularity, many general-purpose magazines that supported other computers offered C64 type-ins (Compute! was one of these), and at its peak, there were many magazines in North America (Ahoy!, Commodore Magazine, Compute!'s Gazette, Power/Play, RUN and Transactor [1]) dedicated to Commodore computers exclusively. These magazines sometimes had disk companion subscriptions available at extra cost with the programs stored on disk to avoid the need to type them in. The disk magazine Loadstar offered fairly elaborate ready-to-run programs, music, and graphics. Books of type-ins were also common, especially in the machine's early days. A large library of public domain and freeware programs, distributed by online services such as Q-Link and CompuServe, BBSs, and user groups also emerged. Despite limited RAM and disk capacity, the Commodore 64 was a popular platform for BBS hosting. One of the most popular was the Color64 BBS System, allowed the use of Color graphics using the PET-ASCII system.
[edit] Software Piracy
The C64 software market had widespread problems with software piracy. This was perhaps due to a number of significant factors. The efforts of warez groups to remove software copy protections was probably the main contributing factors to rampant software piracy. The large Commodore 64 user base, as well as encouraging software companies to develop for it's huge market, possibly also attracted software pirates who attempted to amass large libraries of pirated software.
Many BBSs offered cracked commercial software, sometimes requiring special access and usually requiring users to maintain an upload/download ratio. A large number of warez groups existed, including Fairlight, which continued to exist more than a decade after the C64's demise. Some members of these groups turned to telephone phreaking and credit card or calling card fraud to make long-distance calls, either to download new titles not yet available locally, or to upload newly cracked titles released by the group.
Not all Commodore 64 users had modems however. For these people, many warez group "swappers" maintained contacts throughout the world. These contacts would usually mass mail pirated floppy disks through the postal service. Also, and perhaps naturally enough, sneakernets existed at schools and businesses all over the world, as friends and colleagues would trade (and usually later copy) their software collections. At a time before the Internet was widespread, this was the only way for many users to amass huge pirated software libraries. Also, and particularly in Europe, groups of people would hold copy-parties explicitly to copy software, usually irrespective of software licence.
Several popular utilities were sold that contained custom routines to defeat most copy-protection schemes in commercial software. (Appropriately, Fast Hack'em—probably the most popular example—was itself widely pirated.). Pirates Toolbox was another popular set of tools for copying disks and removing copy protection. Tapes could be copied with special software, but often it was simply done by dubbing the cassette in a dual deck tape recorder, or by relying on an Action Replay cartridge to freeze the program in memory and save to cassette. Cracked games could often be copied manually without any special tools.
[edit] Retrocomputing efforts
The magnetic tapes and disks upon which home computer software were stored are decaying at an alarming rate. In order to preserve game software and information, efforts are underway to copy from these degrading media onto fresh media which will help ensure a long life for the software and make it available for emulation and archiving. In addition, there are other efforts to archive Commodore 64 documentation, software manuals, magazine articles, and other nostalgia (such as software packaging artwork, game screenshots, and Commodore 64 TV commercials). Commodore 64 game software has been remarkably well documented and preserved - a considerable feat when taking the amount of software available for the platform into consideration. Controversially, it could be argued that collecting and preserving this much software may not have been possible if it had not been as widely cracked and pirated in the past, as it was.
The GameBase 64 (GB64) organization has an online database of game information, which at version 5 holds information for 20,000 unique game titles. The database is still growing as new information comes to light. The GoodGB64 variant of Cowering's Good Tools allows users to audit their C64 game collections using the GameBase64 database (the 3.0 version of GoodGB64 lists 17,067 disk image files).
There are tools available to transfer original 1541 floppy discs to or from the PC. The Star Commander is a DOS-based tool, cbm4linux is a Linux tool, and cbm4win is a Windows tool to transfer data from an original floppy drive to the PC, or vice versa, using a simple X-cable. There are also tools available, 64HDD, to allow your C64 to directly load D64 software stored on your PC using the same cables.
In addition, there is now a growing number of emulators available, which allow the use of an emulated C64 on modern computing hardware. The most popular and compatible are VICE, which is free and runs on most modern as well as some older platforms; CCS64, which is by far the best and most accurate emulator program available for Windows written by Per Håkan Sundell; and Power64, which has versions for Mac OS X and OS 9.
Also the Quantum Link service has been reconstructed as Quantum Link Reloaded. It can be accessed with a real Commodore 64, or through the VICE emulator.
Special hardware has also been designed to aid the conservation of software, such as the IDE64 cartridge, which allows the user to connect a modern PC IDE ATA hard drive or a CF flashcard directly to the machine, giving the possibility to copy software onto the hard drive and use it from there, preventing tear on the decaying media.
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