Colpitts oscillator

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Figure 1: Simple common base Colpitts oscillator (with simplified biasing)
Figure 1: Simple common base Colpitts oscillator (with simplified biasing)

A Colpitts oscillator, named after its inventor Edwin H. Colpitts, is one of a number of designs for electronic oscillator circuits. One of the key features of this type of oscillator is its simplicity and robustness. It is not difficult to achieve satisfactory results with little effort.

A Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley oscillator. In the Colpitts circuit, two capacitors and one inductor determine the frequency of oscillation. The feedback needed for oscillation is taken from a voltage divider made by the two capacitors, where in the Hartley circuit the feedback is taken from a voltage divider made by two inductors (or a tapped single inductor). (Note: the capacitor can be a variable device by using a varactor).

Figure 2: Simple common collector Colpitts oscillator (with simplified biasing)
Figure 2: Simple common collector Colpitts oscillator (with simplified biasing)
Figure 3: Practical common base Colpitts oscillator (with an oscillation frequency of ~50 MHz)
Figure 3: Practical common base Colpitts oscillator (with an oscillation frequency of ~50 MHz)

Figures 1-3 show simple examples of bipolar junction transistor based Colpitts oscillators. The BJTs can be replaced with any active device, such as a JFET or a MOSFET, capable of producing gain at the oscillation frequency.

Contents

[edit] Theory

[edit] Oscillation frequency

The ideal frequency of oscillation for the circuits in Figures 1 and 2 are given by the equation:

f_0 = {1 \over 2 \pi \sqrt {L \cdot \left ({ C_1 \cdot C_2 \over C_1 + C_2 }\right ) }}

where the series combination of C1 and C2 creates the effective capacitance of the LC tank.

Real circuits will oscillate at a slightly lower frequency due to junction capacitances of the transistor and possibly other stray capacitances.

[edit] Instability criteria

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Please improve this article if you can (April 2008).
Colpitts oscillator model used in analysis at left.
Colpitts oscillator model used in analysis at left.

One method of oscillator analysis is to determine the input impedance of an input port neglecting any reactive components. If the impedance yields a negative resistance term, oscillation is possible. This method will be used here to determine conditions of oscillation and the frequency of oscillation.

An ideal model is shown to the right. This configuration models the common collector circuit in the section above. For initial analysis, parasitic elements and device non-linearities will be ignored. These terms can be included later in a more rigorous analysis. Even with these approximations, acceptable comparison with experimental results is possible.

Ignoring the inductor, the input impedance can be written as

Z_{in} = \frac{v_1}{i_1}

Where v1 is the input voltage and i1 is the input current. The voltage v2 is given by

v2 = i2Z2

Where Z2 is the impedance of C2. The current flowing into C2 is i2, which is the sum of two currents:

i2 = i1 + is

Where is is the current supplied by the transistor. is is a dependent current source given by

i_s = g_m \left ( v_1 - v_2 \right )

Where gm is the transconductance of the transistor. The input current i1 is given by

i_1 = \frac{v_1 - v_2}{Z_1}

Where Z1 is the impedance of C1. Solving for v2 and substituting above yields

Zin = Z1 + Z2 + gmZ1Z2

The input impedance appears as the two capacitors in series with an interesting term, Rin which is proportional to the product of the two impedances:

R_{in} = g_m \cdot Z_1 \cdot Z_2

If Z1 and Z2 are complex and of the same sign, Rin will be a negative resistance. If the impedances for Z1 and Z2 are substituted, Rin is

R_{in} = \frac{-g_m}{\omega ^ 2 C_1 C_2}

If an inductor is connected to the input, the circuit will oscillate if the magnitude of the negative resistance is greater than the resistance of the inductor and any stray elements. The frequency of oscillation is as given in the previous section.

For the example oscillator above, the emitter current is roughly 1 mA. The transconductance is roughly 40 mS. Given all other values, the input resistance is roughly

R_{in} = -30 \ \Omega

This value should be sufficient to overcome any positive resistance in the circuit. By inspection, oscillation is more likely for larger values of transconductance and/or smaller values of capacitance. A more complicated analysis of the common-base oscillator reveals that a low frequency amplifier voltage gain must be at least four to achieve oscillation.[1] The low frequency gain is given by:

A_v = g_m \cdot R_p \ge 4

If the two capacitors are replaced by inductors and magnetic coupling is ignored, the circuit becomes a Hartley oscillator. In that case, the input impedance is the sum of the two inductors and a negative resistance given by:

Rin = − gmω2L1L2

In the Hartley circuit, oscillation is more likely for larger values of transconductance and/or larger values of inductance.

[edit] Oscillation amplitude

The amplitude of oscillation is generally difficult to find, but it can often be accurately estimated using the describing function method.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Razavi, B. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits. McGraw-Hill. 2001.
  • Lee, T. The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits. Cambridge University Press. 2004.

[edit] See also