Coins of the Hawaiian dollar
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In 1847, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, under the reign of King Kamehaheha III, issued its first official coinage -- a large one-cent copper penny -- to alleviate the chronic shortage of small denomination coins circulating in the Hawaiian Islands. The next and last official coinage of the Hawaiian Islands was minted in 1883, by King Kalākaua I; however during the intervening period, the change needs of the Hawaiian Islands were met by circulating private-issued tokens and the coins of the United States of America.
Following is a list of known coins and tokens issued by the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and various business concerns during the period of 1847 and 1891, with allied Medcalf & Russell numbers:
Contents |
[edit] Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
[edit] 1847 Kamehaheha III issue
[edit] Background
Keneta
The ill-fated Keneta was commissioned by King Kamehameha III. Coined money was in great demand in the Hawaiian Islands and was in continual shortage in the early nineteenth century. In response, King Kamehameha III devoted Chapter 4, Section 1 of the legal code of 1846 to the monetary system of the kingdom, tying it directly to that of the United States, thus normalizing the rate of transaction of small change in the islands and their corresponding values to United States money. Anticipating growing coined money needs, the legal code also outlined future Hawaiian coin designs.
Of the first coins decided to be acted upon was the Keneta - a copper coin valued at one cent of a U.S. dollar. As the Hawaiian Treasury was in shortage of funds during this period, the copper cent was seen as an initial "affordable" issue to be followed by other denominations at a later date. James Jackson Jarves, acting as agent for the Hawaiian Government, placed an order for 100,000 of these coins in 1846. He contracted Edward Hulseman - best known for his 1837 Half Cent token – to design and engrave the coin. It is not known precisely where the pieces were minted – although Walter Breen in Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins asserts that they were produced at the private mint of H. M. & E. I. Richards of Attleboro, Massachusetts; regardless, Jarves was given a note dated January 14, 1847 in the amount of $869.56 by the Minister of Finance as payment for the order.
On 3 May, 1847 the merchant ship Montreal arrived in Honolulu after sailing from Boston via Rio de Janeiro, Cape Horn and Tahiti. The Keneta were part of the cargo delivered to the Minister of Finance. When the coins reached the public they proved a grave disappointment. The Hawaiian public was quick to point out that the denomination was misspelled "Hapa Haneri" instead of the correct "Hapa Hanele" (which translates to "part of a hundred" or loosely "one cent"). Reports of the time state that the King's portrait was unrecognizable. In addition, the Keneta also arrived worn or discolored by the humidity and bilge water of the Montreal, in whose hold they had spent many months. Local merchants, who were "against very small transactions," immediately voiced their objections to the coins; and the only general usage witnessed was by governors of the outer islands who used them as change when collecting duties and taxes.
The last known time of issue for the Keneta was in 1862, when 11,595 were still being held in the Treasury vault. Their legal tender status was removed in 1884, and in the following year 88,000 were sold as scrap and shipped out of the country.
The Keneta is about the same size as the United States Large Cent. The coin bears a bust of the king on the obverse surrounded by the legend "KAMEHAMEHA III. KA MOI." and the date 1847 below. The reverse has "HAPA HANERI" within a leafy wreath, tied with a bow at bottom, surrounded by "AUPUNI HAWAII." There are two different obverse varieties: one shows a Plain 4 in the date, while the other has a "Crosslet" 4 (with a vertical bar at the right end of the horizontal line). The Plain 4 is commonly known as the "Small Bust" type, while the Crosslet 4 is called the "Large Bust." There are also five separate varieties of reverse dies with the wreath displaying 13, 15, 17 or 18 berries.
[edit] Technical Details
Keneta
- Mintage: Circulation strikes: 100,000 Proofs: None
- Designer: Edward Hulseman
- Diameter: ±27 millimeters
- Metal content: Copper: 100%
- Edge: Plain
- Mintmark: None (H. M. & E. I. Richards of Attleboro, Massachusetts?)
- Varieties: Plain and Crosslet 4
[edit] Medcalf & Russell numbers
- CC-1 HAPA HANELI (part of a hundred, one cent) 1847, Crosslet 4 (tunic laps over 4) - "Large Bust" rev. 18 berries (9x9)
- CC-2 HAPA HANELI (part of a hundred, one cent) 1847, Crosslet 4 (tunic laps over 4) - "Large Bust" rev. 15 berries (7x8)
- CC-3 HAPA HANELI (part of a hundred, one cent) 1847, Plain 4 (tunic laps over 7) - "Small Bust" rev. 17 berries (8x9)
- CC-4 HAPA HANELI (part of a hundred, one cent) 1847, Plain 4 (tunic laps over 7) - "Small Bust" rev. 15 berries (8x7)
- CC-5 HAPA HANELI (part of a hundred, one cent) 1847, Plain 4 (tunic laps over 7) - "Small Bust" rev. 13 berries (6x7)
[edit] Gallery
 Hapa Haneli 1847 obverse (CC-2) |
 Hapa Heneli 1847 reverse (CC-2) |
 Hapa Haneli 1847 obverse (CC-5) |
 Hapa Heneli 1847 reverse (CC-5) |
[edit] 1881 Unauthorized Paris issue
[edit] Background
5 Keneta
While ʻIolani Palace was being built, King Kalākaua I embarked on an ambitious trip around the world. In his travels, a French industrialist contacted the king and offered to have coins struck from New Caledonian nickel for the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. 200 patterns with King Kalākaua in profile were minted in Paris and forwarded to the king upon his return. The coin was not adopted and the patterns were given to persons close to court as tokens of esteem.
A curious fact regarding the coin is that the motto of Hawaii is misspelled: UA (misspelled as AU) MAU KE EA O KA AINA I KA PONO.
[edit] Medcalf & Russell numbers
- CN-1 KENETA (five cents) 1881 - nickel
[edit] Gallery
 Keneta 1881 obverse (CN-1) |
[edit] 1883 Kalākaua I issues
trials
- CPC-1 HAPAWALU (eighth dollar) 1883 - copper trial
- CPC-2 HAPAHA (quarter dollar) 1883 - copper trial
- CPC-3 HAPALUA (half dollar) 1883 - copper trial
- CPC-4 AKAHI DALA (one dollar) 1883 - copper trial
official version
- CS-1 UMI KENETA (ten cents) 1883 - silver
- CS-2 HAPAWALU (eighth dollar) 1883 - silver
- CS-3 HAPAHA (quarter dollar) 1883 - silver
- CS-3a HAPAHA (quarter dollar) 1883, 8/3 inside 1883 - silver
- CS-4 HAPALUA (half dollar) 1883 - silver
- CS-5 AKAHI DALA (one dollar) 1883 - silver
 Umi Keneta 1883 obverse (CS-1) |
 Umi Keneta 1883 reverse (CS-1) |
 Hapawalu 1883 obverse (CS-2) |
 Hapawalu 1883 obverse (CS-2) |
 Hapaha 1883 reverse (CS-3) |
 Hapalua 1883 obverse (CS-4) |
 Hapalua 1883 reverse (CS-4) |
 Akahi Dala 1883 obverse (CS-5) |
 Akahi Dala 1883 reverse (CS-5) |
[edit] Tokens
[edit] John T. Waterhouse
[edit] Background
John Thomas Waterhouse Token
The Waterhouse token is struck in white metal - a substance similar to pewter or plumbers putty. It is recognized as the earliest known Hawaiian token; although the use of the token and the date of issue is unclear. The firm of J. T. Waterhouse, established in 1851, were importers of dry goods in the 19th century; the firm is still active in several business enterprises today.
The obverse features a facing bust of Kamehameha III, though with the surrounding legend reading "HIS MAJESTY KAMEHAMEHA IV". The reverse shows a beehive in the center with the issuer's name at top and "HALE MAIKAI" - meaning house excellent, or a good place to do business - below. The token was known as hale meli in Hawaiian, recalling the beehive on the reverse.
[edit] Medcalf & Russell numbers
- TE-1 1860-1870 token - pewter
[edit] Gallery
 Waterhouse token obverse |
 Waterhouse token reverse |
[edit] Wailuku Plantation
- TE-2 obv. W.P. 12½ 1871
- TE-3 obv. W.P. 12½ 1871, thicker starfish
- TE-4 obv. W.P. VI (6½)
- TE-5 obv. W.P. 1880, rev. 1RL
- TE-6 obv. W.P. 1880, rev. HALF REAL
 W.P. 12½ 1871 obverse (TE-2) |
 W.P. 12½ 1871 reverse (TE-2) |
 W.P. 12½ 1871 obverse (TE-3) |
 W.P. 12½ 1871 reverse (TE-3) |
 W.P. VI (6½) obverse (TE-4) |
 W.P. VI (6½) reverse (TE-4) |
 W.P. 1 Real 1880 obverse (TE-5) |
 W.P. 1 Real 1880 reverve (TE-5) |
[edit] Kahului & Wailuku Railroad
- TE-7 obv. T.H.H. 12½, rev. R.R. 1879
- TE-7a obv. T.H.H. 12½, rev. R.R. 1879, thicker planchet
- TE-8 obv. T.H.H. 25, rev. R.R. 1879
 T.H.H. 12½ 1879 obverse (TE-7) |
 T.H.H. 12½ 1879 reverse (TE-7) |
 T.H.H. 25 1879 obverse (TE-8) |
 T.H.H. 25 1879 reverse (TE-8) |
[edit] Kahului Railroad
- TE-9 10 Cents, 1891
- TE-10 15 Cents, 1891
- TE-11 20 Cents, 1891
- TE-12 25 Cents, 1891
- TE-13 35 Cents, 1891
- TE-14 75 Cents, 1891
[edit] Haiku Plantation
- TE-15 obv. HAIKU 1882, rev. ONE REAL
 Haiku, One Real 1882 obverse (TE-15) |
 Haiku, One Real 1882 reverse (TE-15) |
[edit] Grove Ranch Plantation
- TE-16 obv. G.R.P. 1886, rev. 12 1/2
- TE-17 obv. G.R.P. 1887, rev. 12 1/2
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Breen, Walter (1988). Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia Of U.S. And Colonial Coins. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-14207-2
- Bruce, Colin R. II (senior editor) (2006). 2007 Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1901-2000, 34th ed., Krause Publications. ISBN 0-89689-365-0.
- Kingdom of Hawaii (1846). Statute Laws of His Majesty Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands; Passed by the Houses of Nobles and Representatives, During the Twenty-First year of His Reign, and the Third and Fourth years of His Public Recognition, A.D. 1845 and 1846: To which are Appended the Acts of Public Recognition, and the Treaties with Other Nations. Honolulu: Charles E. Hitchcock, Printer, Government Press.
- Medcalf, Donald & Ronald Russell (1978). Hawaiian Money: Standard Catalog: Includes Tokens, Medals & Royal Orders. Honolulu: Nani Stamp & Coin LTD. ISBN 0-931388-00-7.
