Cogan House Covered Bridge

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Coordinates: 41°23′54″N 77°12′03″W / 41.39833, -77.20083
Cogan House Covered Bridge
Buckhorn, Larrys Creek, Day's, Plankenhorn
National Register of Historic Places
none
Official name: Cogan House Covered Bridge
Named for: Cogan House Township
Country Flag of the United States United States
State Flag of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania
County Lycoming
Municipality Cogan House Township
Road Township 784 (single lane)
Crosses Larrys Creek
Elevation 1,290 ft (393 m)
Coordinates 41°23′54″N 77°12′03″W / 41.39833, -77.20083 [1]
Length 94.2 ft (29 m) [2]
Width 19.6 ft (6 m) [3]
Clearance 8.5 ft (2.6 m)
Builder Valentine Meyers (or Meyer)
Design Burr Arch Truss Bridge
Material Wood
Built 1877
 - Restored 1998
Owned and Maintained by Lycoming County
NBI Number 417208078401120 [2]
WGCB Number 38-41-02 [4]
Load 3 tons (2.7 t)
Added to NRHP July 24, 1980
NRHP Ref# 80003567
Location of the Cogan House Covered Bridge in Pennsylvania
Location of the Cogan House Covered Bridge in Pennsylvania
Wikimedia Commons: Larrys Creek Covered Bridge

The Cogan House Covered Bridge is a 94.2-foot (28.7 m) long Burr arch truss covered bridge over Larrys Creek in Cogan House Township, Lycoming County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was built in 1877, placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and had a major restoration in 1998. The bridge is named for the township and village of Cogan House, but is also known by at least four other names: Buckhorn, Larrys Creek, Day's, and Plankenhorn.

The Cogan House Covered Bridge was constructed by a millwright who assembled the timber framework in a field next to the sawmill, before it was reassembled at the bridge site. It was the only bridge on Larrys Creek that survived the flood of June 1889, and one of only a handful that were left intact in the county. Although the bridge used to carry a steady flow of tannery and sawmill traffic, the clearcutting of the surrounding forests meant the end of those industries by the early 20th century.

Since then much of the surrounding area has reverted to second growth forest, and the one-lane bridge is now on a dead end road in a remote valley with little traffic. It is the oldest and longest of the three covered bridges remaining in the county. Despite the 1998 restoration and other repairs, as of 2006 the bridge structure's sufficiency rating on the National Bridge Inventory was only 17.5 percent and its condition was deemed "[b]asically intolerable requiring high priority of corrective action".[2]

Contents

[edit] Names

The covered bridge is 1.4 miles (2.3 km) south of Pennsylvania Route 184 on Campbell Road (Township Road 784), 0.1 miles (0.2 km) past the intersection with Covered Bridge Road.[5][6] Its official name on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is "Cogan House Covered Bridge".[3][7] It is the only covered bridge ever built in Cogan House Township and the name comes from the township, as well as the village of Cogan House, which is northeast of the bridge.[8] Cogan House Township and the village are named for David Cogan, who settled on Larrys Creek in 1825. Cogan was the one of the few settlers in the area for many years and grew tired of living nearly alone in the wilderness. In 1842 he abandoned his homestead, as did a neighbor named Carter. Their houses were used by hunters and travelers and the name Cogan's House was given to the area. Cogan House Township was formed from parts of Jackson and Mifflin Townships on December 6, 1843.[9]

Since the bridge's 1998 restoration, the Lycoming County Commissioners have officially called it the "Buckhorn Covered Bridge".[10] The name comes from the bridge's location at the base of Buckhorn Mountain,[1] and from the road to the former village of Buckhorn, which crossed the creek on it.[8] This is the name used on the official plaque erected by the commissioners to mark its restoration and placement on the NRHP, despite the different name used on the Register itself.[10] The commissioners chose "Buckhorn Covered Bridge" based on one of the names used in Benjamin and June Evans' 1993 book Pennsylvania's Covered Bridges: A Complete Guide.[4][10] Historically, the commissioners used "Cogan House Covered Bridge" as the official name.[8][11]

Historian Milton W. Landis uses "Larrys Creek Covered Bridge" since it crosses Larrys Creek, and notes this was the name used by other local historians.[8][11] Larrys Creek is named for Larry Burt, who was the first settler at the mouth of the creek when the surveyors came through in 1769.[9] Landis acknowledges the "Cogan House" name, and says the bridge has also been known by the names of "several tenants who lived in the little farm adjacent" to it.[8][11]

While Landis does not give these different names, two other names for the bridge are known and may come from some of these tenants. The first of these is "Day's Bridge" and it is clear this is another name for the Cogan House Covered Bridge.[12][13][14] The second of these, "Plankenhorn Bridge", is a name in a list of existing and vanished covered bridges in Lycoming County. Although the association of this name with the Cogan House Covered Bridge is not made explicitly, it is described as still standing on Larrys Creek and being north of a bridge in Mifflin Township. This is the only known covered bridge that meets those criteria.[15]

[edit] History

[edit] Background

The first covered bridge in the United States was built over the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1800. Some of the first Burr arch truss covered bridges were also built in the state. Pennsylvania is estimated to have once had at least 1,500 covered bridges, and is believed to have had the most in the country between 1830 and 1875.[16] In 2001 Pennsylvania had more surviving historic covered bridges than any other state, with 221 remaining in 40 of the commonwealth's 67 counties.[5]

   
Map of the covered bridge's location on Larrys Creek

Covered bridges were a transition between stone and cast-iron and steel bridges. In 19th-century Pennsylvania, lumber was an abundant resource for bridge construction,[16] but did not last long when exposed to weather and the elements. The roof and enclosed sides of covered bridges protected the structural elements, allowing some of these bridges to survive well over a century. A Burr arch truss consists of a load-bearing arch sandwiching multiple King posts, resulting in a bridge which is both stronger and more rigid than one built using either element alone.[5]

In 1850 a plank road was built in Lycoming County, from the mouth of Larrys Creek to the borough of Salladasburg, Pennsylvania. It was later extended north along the Second Fork of Larrys Creek as far as the unincorporated villages of Brookside and White Pine in Cogan House Township, and eventually went as far as the large tannery in the village of English Center in Pine Township on Little Pine Creek. Another branch of the plank road followed Larrys Creek itself north from Salladasburg. While its exact length is unknown, Landis reports it may have reached nearly to the site of the covered bridge.[17]

Before there was a bridge, there was a ford at the site where the bridge was later built. Wagons of finished leather and raw hides came from and went to the English Center tannery via White Pine, seeking to avoid traffic on the plank road along the Second Fork. Other traffic went to and from a large sawmill at White Pine and other mills to the west and north. Traffic from the north crossed Larrys Creek, and continued either east over Buckhorn Mountain to the Williamsport and Elmira Railroad at the village of Cogan Station on Lycoming Creek, or south down the road along Larrys Creek. This road led to a tannery on Larrys Creek about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the ford, and to the plank road along the main branch of the creek. The plank road was a toll road and connected with another railroad, the West Branch Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, and the West Branch Susquehanna River at the creek's mouth.[8]

Because the ford was often impassable in winter or bad weather, or during high water,[18] a petition from the citizens of Cogan House Township for a bridge to be built was filed in September 1876. They asked the county to build the bridge as it was beyond the resources of the township to do so. The petition was read on September 30, 1876, and three viewers were appointed to examine the site and report back on November 3. The viewers reported back in favor of building the bridge on November 25. On January 23, 1877, the county grand jury approved the report and the construction of the bridge.[8]

[edit] Construction and description

Landis is not certain if the bridge was built in 1877 or 1878, but every other source that mentions the date agrees it was 1877. Valentine ("Tine") Meyers (or Meyer), a millwright and resident of the hamlet of Quiggleville in Lycoming Township, built the bridge. The timbers for the bridge were cut at an "up and down", steam powered sawmill owned by Robert Wood, a short distance north of the bridge site. The head sawyer at the mill was John Mecum. The wood used was pine, cut in nearby forests and hauled in ox carts to the mill. The largest timbers used in the bridge are up to 16 feet (4.9 m) long.[8]

The interior of the bridge, showing the Burr Arch and timber framing. Note the red metal framework beyond the west entrance to prevent vehicles larger than the posted limits from entering.
The interior of the bridge, showing the Burr Arch and timber framing. Note the red metal framework beyond the west entrance to prevent vehicles larger than the posted limits from entering.

Meyers is not believed to have had much experience building bridges and set about construction in a unique manner. The timber framework was first assembled in a field next to the sawmill, with each new piece bolted into place after being cut. If a piece did not fit, more careful measurements were made and a new piece was cut and tested. The outlines of the sections for curved beams for the Burr arch were first marked with chalk on the wood, then the saw crew lifted and guided it by hand against the sawblade to cut the curve. After the framework was completed in the field, it was taken apart, loaded onto the same ox carts used to bring the logs to the mill, and taken to the bridge site. There the framework was reassembled on the bridge abutments. Bolts were used to hold all of the large pieces together, while cross-pieces and small braces were nailed in place.[8]

The Cogan House Covered Bridge was added to the NRHP in 1980 and was listed on the 2006 National Bridge Inventory (NBI). According to the NBI, the covered bridge is 94.2 feet (28.7 m) long, with a roadway 14.4 feet (4.4 m) wide, and a maximum load of 7.2 short tons (6.5 MT).[2] According to the NRHP, the bridge's "road surface width" is 19.6 feet (6.0 m), the load is only 4.0 short tons (3.6 MT), and the clearance height is 10.5 feet (3.2 m).[3] The width is only sufficient for a single lane of traffic.[2] As of 2008, the clearance height posted on the bridge itself has been reduced to 8.5 feet (2.6 m), and the posted maximum load has been reduced to 3.0 short tons (2.7 MT). According to Landis, the top of the Burr arch is nearly 11 feet (3.4 m) above the floor of the bridge.[8]

The covered bridge rests on the original stone abutments, which have since been reinforced with concrete. The bridge deck is made of crosswise planking, overlaid with runners in the western half and lengthwise planking in the eastern half. The upper part of the portals and the clapboard siding is made of pine boards, and stops 3 feet (0.9 m) below the roof line.[5] Although the bridge was painted red as part of its 1998 restoration, in 1964 it was described as unpainted,[12] and it does not seem to have been painted in 1980, as the NRHP nomination form describes how "its rough horizontal siding ... help[s] this small bridge blend into the surrounding forest".[3] The roof was originally covered with wooden shingles.[8] The bridge does not have parapets and has "no steel reinforcements".[5]

[edit] Use and restoration

The Cogan House Covered Bridge was the only one on Larrys Creek to survive a major flood on June 1, 1889, which also washed out most other bridges throughout Lycoming County. A large fallen maple tree formed a dam just upstream of the bridge across Larrys Creek, which blocked debris and diverted the brunt of the floodwaters.[8] The same flood destroyed the Larrys Creek plank road and the canal at the creek's mouth. The same storm system also caused the Johnstown Flood, which killed over 2,200 people.[9]

View of the bridge over Larrys Creek, with the Burr arch (red) and Kingposts (black) visible above the siding
View of the bridge over Larrys Creek, with the Burr arch (red) and Kingposts (black) visible above the siding

After the flood the plank road was only reconstructed as far north as Salladasburg, so for a time all the traffic from the English Center tannery went over the bridge on the way to the railroad at Cogan Station.[17] However, the virgin timber which supplied the local tanneries and sawmills was all clear-cut within several years of the flood. Without timber, the industries that used the roads leading to the bridge closed and the local villages declined, or, in the case of Buckhorn, disappeared.[8]

By 1900, there were still four covered bridges on Larrys Creek: going upstream they were at the hamlet of Larryville in Piatt Township, at or near Mud Run in Mifflin Township, in Salladasburg, and in Cogan House Township.[8] As of 2008, the Cogan House Covered Bridge is the oldest and longest of only three 19th-century covered bridges remaining in Lycoming County (the others are the Buttonwood Covered Bridge in Jackson Township over Blockhouse Creek, and the Lairdsville Covered Bridge in Moreland Township over Little Muncy Creek).[7]

The bridge had "needed repairs" made in 1964,[19] and the original stone abutments were reinforced with concrete prior to 1966.[8] It was added to the NRHP on July 24, 1980,[5] and was "painted and creosoted" in 1981.[14] The 1980 NRHP form and Zacher's 1994 book both list the bridge's condition as good.[3][20] The Lycoming County Commissioners had the bridge "rehabilitated" in 1998, at a cost of USD$105,493. The general contractor for the restoration was Lycoming Supply Inc., which replaced some structural beams with treated southern pine and the "Dutch lap" or clapboard siding with white pine. The purlins and rafters were reconstructed using treated yellow pine, and support a new roof of cedar shake shingles. The deck and floor of the bridge were solid and required few repairs. The bridge was painted red, and a stone pillar was built with plaques marking the restoration and the bridge's inclusion on the NRHP.[10][21]

Because the bridge is listed on the NRHP, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission had to approve the renovation. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) funds helped pay for the work done. The dedication ceremony was held on October 30, 1998, with Lycoming County Commissioner Russell Reitz and PennDOT Director of Municipal Services Thomas Lyons cutting a plank on wooden sawhorses with an old crosscut saw as the ribbon cutting ceremony. The other county commissioners and the local state representative and state senator were also present and spoke, as did a representative of the "Theodore Burr Covered Bridge Society of Pennsylvania". [10][21]

View of the bridge and Larrys Creek from the southwest, with the private hunting cabin (white) on Buckhorn Mountain behind it
View of the bridge and Larrys Creek from the southwest, with the private hunting cabin (white) on Buckhorn Mountain behind it

In August 2000 an inspection revealed that one of the timber arches of the Cogan House Covered Bridge was damaged by a vehicle which was over the weight limit crossing the bridge. A propane delivery truck making a delivery to the private hunting cabin served by the bridge is thought to have caused the damage. Lycoming Supply Inc. won the bid to do the repair work in December, at a cost of $6,300. Before the repair the bridge remained open and was safe to use.[22][23] The Evans' 2001 book describes the condition of the bridge as excellent.

Despite the restoration and repairs, the 2006 Federal Highway Administration National Bridge Inventory found the sufficiency rating of the bridge structure to be only 17.5 percent. The inventory found the condition of the bridge deck was fair, the superstructure was poor, and the substructure was satisfactory. It further found that the bridge's foundations were "determined to be stable for calculated scour conditions", however the railing "does not meet currently acceptable standards".[2] Its overall condition was deemed "[b]asically intolerable requiring high priority of corrective action", with an estimated cost to improve the bridge of $143,000.[2]

The bridge is still used, although the public dirt road to it ends in a cul de sac on the east side. A gated private road continues to the private hunting camp and provides access to Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 114.[3] The bridge has a posted speed limit of 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) and its average daily traffic was ten vehicles in 2006.[2] Pennsylvania's Covered Bridges: A Complete Guide notes that despite being "located in a rather remote area, it is worth the trip to see this beautifully restored historic treasure."[5]

[edit] Literature comparison

The west entrance to the bridge with posted height and weight limits
The west entrance to the bridge with posted height and weight limits

The following table is a comparison of published measurements of length, width, and load of the Cogan House Covered Bridge, as well as the name or names cited. The article uses primarily the NBI and NRHP data, as they are national programs, fairly recent, and presumed most accurate.

Length
feet (m)		 Width
feet (m)		 Load
short tons (MT)		 Name(s)
used		 Source
(Year)
95 feet (29.0 m) 17.5 feet (5.3 m) 3.0 short tons (2.7 MT) Larrys Creek, Cogan House Landis (1966, 1981)[8][11]
94.2 feet (28.7 m) 14.4 feet (4.4 m) 7.2 short tons (6.5 MT) Cogan House NBI (2006)[2]
93 feet (28.3 m) 19.6 feet (6.0 m) 4.0 short tons (3.6 MT) Cogan House NRHP (1980)[3]
91.8 feet (28.0 m) 17.25 feet (5.3 m) NA Cogan House, Buckhorn Evans (2001)[5]
81 feet (24.7 m) 19.6 feet (6.0 m) NA Cogan House Zacher (1994)[20]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b United States Geological Survey. "USGS White Pine (PA) Topo Map". TerraServer-USA and the National Map. Retrieved on 2008-05-22.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Federal Highway Administration National Bridge Inventory (2006). "Place Name: Cogan House (Township of), Pennsylvania; NBI Structure Number: 417208078401120; Facility Carried: Cogan House; Feature Intersected: Larrys Creek". Nationalbridges.com (Alexander Svirsky). Retrieved on 2007-10-15. Note: this is a formatted scrape of the 2006 official website, which can be found here for Pennsylvania: "PA06.txt". Federal Highway Administration (2006). Retrieved on 2008-05-23.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania" (Searchable database). ARCH: Pennsylvania's Historic Architecture & Archaeology. Retrieved on 2007-10-15. Note: This includes Susan M. Zacher, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Cogan House Covered Bridge" (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-10-15.
  4. ^ a b Evans, Benjamin D.; Evans, June R. (1993). Pennsylvania's Covered Bridges: A Complete Guide, 1st edition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press, 255. ISBN 0822955040. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Evans, Benjamin D. (2001). Pennsylvania's Covered Bridges: A Complete Guide, 2nd edition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-5764-7. 
  6. ^ Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research, Geographic Information Division. 2007 General Highway Map Lycoming County Pennsylvania [map], 1:65,000. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
  7. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places — Pennsylvania (PA), Lycoming County". www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com. Retrieved on 2006-09-19.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Landis, Milton W. (October 1966). "The Larrys Creek Covered Bridge in Cogan House Township". Now and Then (The Journal of the Muncy, Pennsylvania Historical Society) XV (5): 258. 
  9. ^ a b c Meginness, John Franklin (1892). History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania: including its aboriginal history; the colonial and revolutionary periods; early settlement and subsequent growth; organization and civil administration; the legal and medical professions; internal improvement; past and present history of Williamsport; manufacturing and lumber interests; religious, educational, and social development; geology and agriculture; military record; sketches of boroughs, townships, and villages; portraits and biographies of pioneers and representative citizens, etc. etc., 1st Edition, Chicago, IL: Brown, Runk & Co. ISBN 0-7884-0428-8. Retrieved on 2006-03-16.  Note: ISBN refers to the Heritage Books July 1996 reprint. URL points to a scan of the 1892 edition with some OCR typographical errors.
  10. ^ a b c d e Baumgartner, Nancy E. (1998). Cogan House Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania: The 1900s. Columbia Cross Roads, Pennsylvania: RCW Publishing Co.  (No ISBN)
  11. ^ a b c d Landis, Milton W.; Taylor, Carl B. (1981). The Early History of Cogan House Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Williamsport, Pennsylvania: Lycoming Printing Co. ISBN 0960594809. 
  12. ^ a b Snyder, Rev. Herman C. (April 1963). "Covered Bridges". Now and Then (The Journal of the Muncy, Pennsylvania Historical Society) XIV (3): 50 Note: Snyder gives this name as "according to Charles J. Martz" and also uses "Cogan House Covered Bridge". 
  13. ^ "Only Three Covered Bridges Survive" (October 1963). Now and Then (The Journal of the Muncy, Pennsylvania Historical Society) XIV (5): 117.  (No author)
  14. ^ a b Fague, Donald (April 1984). "More About Covered Bridges". Now and Then (The Journal of the Muncy, Pennsylvania Historical Society) XXI (3): 67. 
  15. ^ "More About Covered Bridges" (July 1964). Now and Then (The Journal of the Muncy, Pennsylvania Historical Society) XIV (8): 230.  (No author)
  16. ^ a b Susan M. Zacher, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Covered Bridges of Bradford, Sullivan and Lycoming Counties" (PDF). Retrieved on 2008-04-14.
  17. ^ a b Landis, Milton W. (1967). ""The Larrys Creek Plank Road"". The Journal of the Lycoming County Historical Society Volume IV, (Number 1, Summer). 
  18. ^ For example, during flooding caused by Hurricane Agnes on June 22, 1972, a stream gauge at the nearby village of Cogan House measured discharge 105 times the average, with a peak stream height of 5.29 feet (1.61 m). See: United States Geological Survey. "USGS 01549780 Larrys Creek at Cogan House, PA". Charts, Graphs, Map. Retrieved on 2008-05-19. The clearcutting of the 19th century caused floods that were worse.
  19. ^ Landis, Milton W. (January 1966). "Covered Bridges in Lycoming County". Now and Then (The Journal of the Muncy, Pennsylvania Historical Society) XV (2): 76. 
  20. ^ a b Zacher, Susan M. (1994). The Covered Bridges of Pennsylvania: A Guide, 2nd edition, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. ISBN 0-89271-054-3. 
  21. ^ a b Baumgartner, Nancy E.. "Cogan House Covered Bridge Dedication Follows Facelift", Williamsport Sun-Gazette, November 1, 1998. 
  22. ^ Reuther, Mike. "Bridge Repair Needed: Historic Covered Span Subject of County Debate", Williamsport Sun-Gazette, November 29, 2000. 
  23. ^ Reuther, Mike. "Historic Span in Cogan House Township to be Repaired", Williamsport Sun-Gazette, December 1, 2000. 

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