Classful network

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Classful networking is the name given to the first round of changes to the structure of the IP address in IPv4.

Classful networking is obsolete on the modern Internet. There is no longer any such thing as a class A/B/C network. The correct modern representation for what would have been referred to as a "Class B" prior to 1993 would be "a set of /16 addresses", under the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) system.

[edit] Before Classes

The prototype Internet in 1982; note that all the networks (the ovals) have addresses which are single integers; the rectangles are switches.

Originally, the 32-bit IPv4 address consisted simply of an 8-bit network number field (which specified the particular network a host was attached to), and a rest field, which gave the address of the host within that network. This format was picked before the advent of local area networks (LANs), when there were only a few, large, networks such as the ARPANET.

This resulted in a very low count (256) of network numbers being available, and very early on, as LANs started to appear, it became obvious that that would not be enough.

[edit] Classes

As a kludge, the definition of IP addresses was changed in 1981 by RFC 791 to allow three different sizes of the network number field (and the associated rest field), as specified in the table below:

• Includes the number of bits used for the leading bit string. Hence, number of bits actually used to specify the network number are 7, 14 and 21 resepctively.

This allowed the following population of network numbers (excluding addresses consisting of all zeros or all ones, which are not allowed):

The number of valid networks and hosts available is always 2^N - 2 (where N is the number of bits used, and the subtraction of 2 adjusts for the invalidity of the first and last addresses). Thus, for a class C address with 8 bits available for hosts, the number of hosts is 254.

The larger network number field allowed a larger number of networks, thereby accommodating the continued growth of the Internet.

The IP address netmask (which is so commonly associated with an IP address today) was not required because the mask length was part of the IP address itself. Any network device could inspect the first few bits of a 32-bit IP address to see which class the address belonged to.

The method of comparing two IP address's physical networks did not change, however (see subnet). For each address, the network number field size and its subsequent value were determined (the rest field was ignored). The network numbers were then compared. If they matched, then the two addresses were on the same network.

[edit] The replacement of classes

This first round of changes was enough to work in the short run, but an IP address shortage still developed. The principal problem was that most sites were too big for a "class C" network number, and received a "class B" number instead. With the rapid growth of the Internet, the available pool of class B addresses (basically 2¹⁴, or about 16,000 total) was rapidly being depleted. Classful networking was replaced by Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), starting in about 1993, to solve this problem (and others).

Early allocations of IP addresses by IANA were in some cases not made very efficiently, which contributed to the problem. (However, the commonly held notion that some American organizations unfairly or unnecessarily received class A networks is a canard; most such allocations date to the period before the introduction of address classes, when the only thing available was what later became known as "class A" network number.)

[edit] Useful tables

[edit] Class ranges

The address ranges used for each class are given in the following table, in the standard dotted decimal notation.

[edit] Special ranges

Some addresses are reserved for special uses (RFC 3330).

^* Note that these ranges listed were originally defined as consecutive network blocks and their "CIDR Equivalent" notation makes them appear to be in the wrong "Class". While nowadays CIDR allows to use this range as a Class B subnet, some network hard- and software still has hard-coded limitations which still prevent use of subnets other than Class C size.

[edit] Bit-wise representation

In the following table:

• n indicates a binary slot used for network ID.
• H indicates a binary slot used for host ID.
• X indicates a binary slot (without specified purpose)))

Class A
  0.  0.  0.  0 = 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
127.255.255.255 = 01111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
                  0nnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
Class B
128.  0.  0.  0 = 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
191.255.255.255 = 10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
                  10nnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH

Class C
192.  0.  0.  0 = 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
223.255.255.255 = 11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111
                  110nnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH

Class D
224.  0.  0.  0 = 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000
239.255.255.255 = 11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111
                  1110XXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX

Class E
240.  0.  0.  0 = 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.255 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
                  1111XXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Classless Inter-Domain Routing
• List of assigned /8 IP address blocks
• IPv4 subnetting reference
• Subnetwork

[edit] External links

• Classful Online IP Subnet Calculator
• RFC 791 — defines classful networking.
• Current /8 delegations from IANA (Last updated: January 22, 2008)