Claremont (country house)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Claremont is an 18th-century Palladian mansion situated less than a mile south of Esher in Surrey, England. The buildings are now occupied by Claremont Fan Court School, and its landscaped gardens are owned and managed by the National Trust.
Contents |
[edit] The Claremont Estate
The first house on the Claremont estate was built in 1708 by Sir John Vanbrugh, the Restoration playwright and architect of Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard, for his own use. This "very small box", as he described it, stood on the level ground in front of the present mansion. At the same time, he built the stables and the walled gardens, also probably White Cottage, which is now the Sixth Form Centre of Claremont Fan Court School.
In 1714 he sold the house to the wealthy Whig politician Thomas Pelham-Holles, Earl of Clare, who later became Duke of Newcastle and served twice as Prime Minister. The Earl commissioned Vanbrugh to add two great wings to the house and to build a fortress-like turret on an adjoining knoll. From this so-called "prospect-house", or Belvedere, he and his guests could admire the views of the Surrey countryside as they took refreshments and played hazard, a popular dice game.
In the clear eighteenth-century air it was apparently possible to see Windsor Castle and St Paul's Cathedral. The Earl of Clare named his country seat Clare-mount, later contracted to Claremont. The two lodges at the Copsem Lane entrance were added at this time.
When the Duke of Newcastle died in 1768, his widow sold the estate to Robert Clive, founder of Britain's Indian Empire. Although the great house was then little more than fifty years old, it was aesthetically and politically out of fashion. So, Lord Clive decided to demolish it and commissioned Lancelot "Capability" Brown and his future son-in-law Henry Holland to build the present Palladian mansion on higher and dryer ground.
A large map now situated in "Clive's room" of the mansion is entitled "Claremont Palace" the map shows the mansion and the surrounding grounds giving a detailed over view of the campus. The map probably dates back to the 1860s when the mansion was frequently occupied by Queen Victoria, thus it being christened a palace; however, the exact date is still unknown.
[edit] Capability Brown's mansion, built for Lord Clive of India
Clive, by now a fabulously rich nabob, is reputed to have spent over £100,000 on the house and a complete remodelling of the celebrated pleasure grounds. However, Clive never lived here, as he died in 1774 — the year that the house was finished.
In 1816 Claremont was bought by the nation as a wedding present for George IV's daughter Princess Charlotte and her husband Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. But to the nation's great sorrow Princess Charlotte, who was heir to the throne, died here after giving birth to a stillborn son the following year. Although Leopold retained ownership of Claremont until his death in 1865, he left the house in 1831 when he became the first King of the Belgians.
Queen Victoria was a frequent visitor to Claremont both as a child and later as an adult when Leopold, her doting uncle, lent her the house. She, in turn, lent the house to the exiled French king and queen Louis-Philippe and Marie-Amelie after the revolution of 1848.
Queen Victoria bought Claremont for her fourth and youngest son Leopold, Duke of Albany, when he married Princess Helena of Waldeck in 1882. The Duke and Duchess of Albany had two children—Alice and Charles. In 1900, the latter became the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and a German citizen.
Claremont should have passed to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg on his mother's death in 1922, but because he had served as a German general in the First World War, the British government disallowed the inheritance. Claremont was accordingly confiscated and sold by the Public Trustee to shipping magnate Sir William Corry, director of the Cunard Line. Two years after Sir William's death in 1926, it was bought by Eugen Spier, a wealthy German financier. In 1930 the Mansion stood empty and was marked for demolition when it was bought by the Governors of a south London school, later renamed Claremont School together with the Belvedere, the stables and thirty acres of parkland.
[edit] The National Trust
The National Trust acquired 50 acres (200,000 m^(2)) of the Claremont estate in 1949. In 1975, with a grant from the Slater Foundation, it set about restoring the magnificent eighteenth-century landscape garden. Now the Claremont Landscape Garden displays the successive contributions of the great landscape gardeners who worked on it: Sir John Vanbrugh, Charles Bridgeman, William Kent and Capability Brown.
In 1996 the school celebrated the National Trust's centenary by opening a feature of the grounds which had not previously been accessible to Landscape Garden visitors: the 281-year-old Belvedere Tower.
[edit] See also
- A307, Portsmouth Road
- Claremont Fan Court School
- Claremont Landscape Garden
- St. George's Church, Esher
[edit] Bibliography
- Turner, Roger, Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape, 2nd ed. Phillimore, Chichester, 1999, pp. 115-118.
