Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods
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This page shows some comparative examples for different citation methods using shortened notes and full length references in footnotes. These show representations of edit mode views, with examples of how the edits would render to the reader.
Contents |
[edit] Shortened notes
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes. It's followed by a rendering showing how it would look to the reader.
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>Kummer 2003.</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>Klatsky 2006.</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>Pereira 2006.</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>Bakalar 2006.</ref>
Coffee's negative health effects are mostly due to its [[caffeine]] content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>Mahmud 2001.</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>Johnson 2001.</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[Coronary_heart_disease|coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>BBC 2004.</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>Smith 2002.</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>Johns Hopkins 2003.</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>Haines 2007.</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist|3}}
== References ==
<div class="references-small">
*{{cite web
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
|date = 2006-08-15
|title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|accessdate = 2007-07-28
}}
*{{cite web
|author = BBC News
|coauthors = Lesk, Valerie
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{cite web
|author = Haines, Cynthia Dennison
|year = 2007
|title = Caffeine in the diet
|url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{cite web
|author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
|year = 2003
|title = Use and Common Sources of Caffeine
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{cite journal
|author = Johnson, S.
|date = 2001
|title = The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency
|url = http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf
|format = PDF
|journal = Medical Hypotheses
|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages = 163-170
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|coauthors = Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D.
|date = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190
|journal = Archives of Internal Medicine
|volume = 166
|issue = 11
|pages = 1190–1195
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{cite book
|author = Kummer, Corby
|year = 2003
|title = The Joy of Coffee
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I
|pages = 160-165
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{cite journal
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|coauthors = Feely, J.
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
|url = http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227
|journal = Hypertension
|volume = 38
|issue = 2
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{cite journal
|author = Pereira, Mark A.
|coauthors = Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R.
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311
|journal = Archives of Internal Medicine
|volume = 166
|issue = 12
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{cite journal
|author = Smith, A.
|year = 2002
|title = Effects of caffeine on human behavior
|url = http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196
|journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology
|volume = 40
|issue = 9
|pages = 1243-1255
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
</div>
Rendering:
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.[1]
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, cirrhosis of the liver,[2] and gout. Some health effects are due to the caffeine content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.[3] For example, the antioxidants in coffee prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.[4]
Coffee's negative health effects are mostly due to its caffeine content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.[5] Excess coffee consumption may lead to a magnesium deficiency or hypomagnesaemia,[6] and may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on short-term memory, by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current train of thought, but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.[7] About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,[8] and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.[9] Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.[10]
Notes
References
- Bakalar, Nicholas (2006-08-15). Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits. New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
- BBC News; Lesk, Valerie (2004-07-20). A coffee can make you forgetful. BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007). Caffeine in the diet. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. The U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003). Use and Common Sources of Caffeine. Information about Caffeine Dependence. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- Johnson, S. (2001). "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency" (PDF). Medical Hypotheses 56 (2): 163-170. Harcourt Publishers Ltd. doi:. PMID 11425281.
- Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006). "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes". Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (11): 1190–1195. doi:. PMID 16772246.
- Kummer, Corby (2003). "Caffeine and Decaf", The Joy of Coffee. Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, 160-165. ISBN 0618302409. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001). "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform". Hypertension 38 (2): 227–231. PMID 11509481.
- Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006). "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.". Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (12): 1311–1316. PMID 16801515.
- Smith, A. (2002). "Effects of caffeine on human behavior". Food and Chemical Toxicology 40 (9): 1243-1255. doi:. PMID 12204388.
[edit] Shortened notes with wikilinks
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes including wikilinks from the notes to the references.
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>[[#refKummer2003|Kummer 2003]].</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>[[#refKlatsky2006|Klatsky 2006]].</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>[[#refPereira2006|Pereira 2006]].</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>[[#refBakalar2006|Bakalar 2006]].</ref>
Coffee's negative health effects are mostly due to its [[caffeine]] content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>[[#refMahmud2001|Mahmud 2001]].</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>[[#refJohnson2001|Johnson 2001]].</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[Coronary_heart_disease|coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>[[#refBBC2004|BBC 2004]].</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>[[#refSmith2002|Smith 2002]].</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>[[#refJohnsHopkins2003|Johns Hopkins 2003]].</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>[[#refHaines 2007|Haines 2007]].</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist|3}}
== References ==
<div class="references-small">
*<cite id=refBakalar2006>{{cite web
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
|date = 2006-08-15
|title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|accessdate = 2007-07-28
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refBBC2004>{{cite web
|author = BBC News
|coauthors = Lesk, Valerie
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refHaines2007>{{cite web
|author = Haines, Cynthia Dennison
|year = 2007
|title = Caffeine in the diet
|url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refJohnsHopkins2003>{{cite web
|author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
|year = 2003
|title = Use and Common Sources of Caffeine
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refJohnson2001>{{cite journal
|author = Johnson, S.
|date = 2001
|title = The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency
|url = http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf
|format = PDF
|journal = Medical Hypotheses
|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages = 163-170
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refKlatsky2006>{{cite journal
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|coauthors = Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D.
|date = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190
|journal = Archives of Internal Medicine
|volume = 166
|issue = 11
|pages = 1190–1195
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refKummer2003>{{cite book
|author = Kummer, Corby
|year = 2003
|title = The Joy of Coffee
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I
|pages = 160-165
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refMahmud2001>{{cite journal
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|coauthors = Feely, J.
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
|url = http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227
|journal = Hypertension
|volume = 38
|issue = 2
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refPereira2006>{{cite journal
|author = Pereira, Mark A.
|coauthors = Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R.
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311
|journal = Archives of Internal Medicine
|volume = 166
|issue = 12
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</cite>
*<cite id=refSmith2002>{{cite journal
|author = Smith, A.
|year = 2002
|title = Effects of caffeine on human behavior
|url = http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196
|journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology
|volume = 40
|issue = 9
|pages = 1243-1255
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</cite>
</div>
Rendering:
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.[1]
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, cirrhosis of the liver,[2] and gout. Some health effects are due to the caffeine content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.[3] For example, the antioxidants in coffee prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.[4]
Coffee's negative health effects are mostly due to its caffeine content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.[5] Excess coffee consumption may lead to a magnesium deficiency or hypomagnesaemia,[6] and may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on short-term memory, by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current train of thought, but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.[7] About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,[8] and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.[9] Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.[10]
Notes
References
- Bakalar, Nicholas (2006-08-15). Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits. New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
- BBC News; Lesk, Valerie (2004-07-20). A coffee can make you forgetful. BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007). Caffeine in the diet. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. The U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003). Use and Common Sources of Caffeine. Information about Caffeine Dependence. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- Johnson, S. (2001). "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency" (PDF). Medical Hypotheses 56 (2): 163-170. Harcourt Publishers Ltd. doi:. PMID 11425281.
- Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006). "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes". Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (11): 1190–1195. doi:. PMID 16772246.
- Kummer, Corby (2003). "Caffeine and Decaf", The Joy of Coffee. Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, 160-165. ISBN 0618302409. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001). "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform". Hypertension 38 (2): 227–231. PMID 11509481.
- Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006). "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.". Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (12): 1311–1316. PMID 16801515.
- Smith, A. (2002). "Effects of caffeine on human behavior". Food and Chemical Toxicology 40 (9): 1243-1255. doi:. PMID 12204388.
[edit] Shortened notes with {{Harvnb}} and {{Citation}} links
This is an example edit mode representation showing use of shortened notes written using the {{Harvnb}} and {{Citation}} templates. The templates include auto linking with matching author surnames and dates.
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>{{Harvnb|Kummer|2003}}.</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Klatsky|2006}}.</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pereira|2006}}.</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bakalar|2006}}.</ref>
Coffee's negative health effects are mostly due to its [[caffeine]] content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mahmud|2001}}.</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Johnson|2001}}.</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[Coronary_heart_disease|coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>{{Harvnb|BBC|2004}}.</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|2002}}.</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>{{Harvnb|JohnsHopkins|2003}}.</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haines|2007}}.</ref>
== Notes ==
{{reflist|3}}
== References ==
<div class="references-small">
*{{Citation
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
|date = 2006-08-15
|title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|accessdate = 2007-07-28
}}
*{{Citation
|author = BBC News
|coauthors = Lesk, Valerie
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
|ref = CITEREFBBC2004
}}
*{{Citation
|last = Haines
|first = Cynthia Dennison
|year = 2007
|title = Caffeine in the diet
|url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{Citation
|author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
|year = 2003
|title = Use and Common Sources of Caffeine
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
|ref = CITEREFJohnsHopkins2003
}}
*{{Citation
|last = Johnson
|first = S.
|year = 2001
|title = The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency
|url = http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf
|format = PDF
|journal = Medical Hypotheses
|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages = 163-170
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{Citation
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|coauthors = Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D.
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190
|journal = Archives of Internal Medicine
|volume = 166
|issue = 11
|pages = 1190–1195
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{Citation
|last = Kummer
|first = Corby
|year = 2003
|title = The Joy of Coffee
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I
|pages = 160-165
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{Citation
|last = Lesk
|first = Valerie E.
|last2 = Womble
|first = Stephen P.
|title = Caffeine, Priming, and Tip of the Tongue: Evidence for Plasticity in the Phonological System
|journal = Behavioral Neuroscience
|year=2004
|month = June
|volume = 118
|issue = 3
|pages = 453-461
}}
*{{Citation
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|coauthors = Feely, J.
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
|url = http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227
|journal = Hypertension
|volume = 38
|issue = 2
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{Citation
|last = Pereira
|first = Mark A.
|coauthors = Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R.
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311
|journal = Archives of Internal Medicine
|volume = 166
|issue = 12
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
*{{Citation
|last = Smith
|first = A.
|year = 2002
|title = Effects of caffeine on human behavior
|url = http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196
|journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology
|volume = 40
|issue = 9
|pages = 1243-1255
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}
</div>
Rendering:
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.[1]
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, cirrhosis of the liver,[2] and gout. Some health effects are due to the caffeine content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.[3] For example, the antioxidants in coffee prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.[4]
Coffee's negative health effects are mostly due to its caffeine content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.[5] Excess coffee consumption may lead to a magnesium deficiency or hypomagnesaemia,[6] and may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on short-term memory, by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current train of thought, but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.[7] About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,[8] and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.[9] Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.[10]
Notes
References
- Bakalar, Nicholas (2006-08-15), Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits, New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss>. Retrieved on 28 July 2007
- BBC News (2004-07-20), A coffee can make you forgetful, BBC News, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm>. Retrieved on 23 February 2008
- Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007), Caffeine in the diet, The U.S. National Library of Medicine, <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm>. Retrieved on 23 February 2008
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003), Use and Common Sources of Caffeine, <http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources>. Retrieved on 23 February 2008
- Johnson, S. (2001), “The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency”, Medical Hypotheses (Harcourt Publishers Ltd) 56 (2): 163-170, PMID 11425281, doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133, <http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf>. Retrieved on 23 February 2008
- Klatsky, Arthur L. (2006), “Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes”, Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (11): 1190–1195, PMID 16772246, doi:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190, <http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190>. Retrieved on 23 February 2008
- Kummer, Corby (2003), “Caffeine and Decaf”, The Joy of Coffee, Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, pp. 160-165, ISBN 0618302409, <http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I>. Retrieved on 23 February 2008
- Lesk, Stephen P. & Womble (2004), “Caffeine, Priming, and Tip of the Tongue: Evidence for Plasticity in the Phonological System”, Behavioral Neuroscience 118 (3): 453-461
- Mahmud, A. (2001), “Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform”, Hypertension 38 (2): 227–231, PMID 11509481, <http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227>. Retrieved on 23 February 2008
- Pereira, Mark A. (2006), “Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.”, Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (12): 1311–1316, PMID 16801515, <http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311>. Retrieved on 23 February 2008
- Smith, A. (2002), “Effects of caffeine on human behavior”, Food and Chemical Toxicology 40 (9): 1243-1255, PMID 12204388, doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0, <http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196>. Retrieved on 23 February 2008
[edit] Footnotes
[edit] Full references written freehand
This is an edit mode representation showing full references in footnotes written freehand.
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>Kummer, Corby (2003). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC The Joy of Coffee]'', [http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I Caffeine and Decaf], Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, 160-165. ISBN:0618302409 Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2008]].</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006). "[http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes]". ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' 166(11):1190–1195. DOI:10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190 PMID:16772246
Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2008]].</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006). "[http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women]". ''Archives of Internal Medicine'' 166(12):1311–1316. PMID:16801515 Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2008]].
</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>Bakalar , Nicholas (2006-08-15). [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits]. New York Times. Retrieved on [[July 28]], [[2007]].</ref>
Coffee's negative health effects are mostly due to its [[caffeine]] content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001). "[http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform]". ''Hypertension'' 38(2):227–231. PMID:11509481 Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2008]].
</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>Johnson, S. (2001). "[http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency]". ''Medical Hypotheses'' 56(2):163-170. Harcourt Publishers Ltd. DOI:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133 PMID:11425281 Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2008]].</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[Coronary_heart_disease|coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>BBC News; Lesk, Valerie (2004-07-20). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm A coffee can make you forgetful]. BBC News. Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2008]].</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>Smith, A. (2002). "[http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 Effects of caffeine on human behavior]". ''Food and Chemical Toxicology'' 40(9):1243-1255. DOI:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0 PMID:12204388 Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2008]].</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003). [http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources Use and Common Sources of Caffeine].
''Information about Caffeine Dependence''. Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2008]].</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007). [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm Caffeine in the diet]. ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia''. The U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on [[February 23]], [[2008]].</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[edit] Full references using citation templates
[edit] Citation templates aligned
This is a representation of how an edit would look with citation templates aligned vertically.
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>{{
cite book
|author = Kummer, Corby
|year = 2003
|title = The Joy of Coffee
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC
|chapter = Caffeine and Decaf
|chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I
|pages = 160-165
|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks
|isbn = 0618302409
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>{{
cite journal
|last = Klatsky
|first = Arthur L.
|coauthors = Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D.
|date = 2006
|title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190
|journal = Archives of Internal Medicine
|volume = 166
|issue = 11
|pages = 1190–1195
|doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190
|pmid = 16772246
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>{{
cite journal
|author = Pereira, Mark A.
|coauthors = Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R.
|year = 2006
|title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.
|url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311
|journal = Archives of Internal Medicine
|volume = 166
|issue = 12
|pages = 1311–1316
|pmid = 16801515
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>{{
cite web
|last = Bakalar
|first = Nicholas
|date = 2006-08-15
|title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits
|publisher = New York Times
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
|accessdate = 2007-07-28
}}</ref>
Coffee's negative health effects are mostly due to its [[caffeine]] content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{
cite journal
|last = Mahmud
|first = A.
|coauthors = Feely, J.
|year = 2001
|title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform
|url = http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227
|journal = Hypertension
|volume = 38
|issue = 2
|pages = 227–231
|pmid = 11509481
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>{{
cite journal
|author = Johnson, S.
|date = 2001
|title = The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency
|url = http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf
|format = PDF
|journal = Medical Hypotheses
|volume = 56
|issue = 2
|pages = 163-170
|publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd
|doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
|pmid = 11425281
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[Coronary_heart_disease|coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>{{
cite web
|author = BBC News
|coauthors = Lesk, Valerie
|date = 2004-07-20
|title = A coffee can make you forgetful
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm
|publisher = BBC News
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>{{
cite journal
|author = Smith, A.
|year = 2002
|title = Effects of caffeine on human behavior
|url = http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196
|journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology
|volume = 40
|issue = 9
|pages = 1243-1255
|doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0
|pmid = 12204388
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>{{
cite web
|author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
|year = 2003
|title = Use and Common Sources of Caffeine
|url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources
|work = Information about Caffeine Dependence
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>{{
cite web
|author = Haines, Cynthia Dennison
|year = 2007
|title = Caffeine in the diet
|url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm
|work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
|publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine
|accessdate = 2008-02-23
}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[edit] Citation templates unaligned
This is how the same templates would look running horizontally without any vertical alignment.
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.<ref name=Kummer2003>{{cite book | author = Kummer, Corby | year = 2003 | title = The Joy of Coffee | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC | chapter = Caffeine and Decaf | chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC&pg=PA151&sig=zL7_XqPYPeBVq8vs3ukYFuwjn2I | pages = 160-165 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks | isbn = 0618302409 | accessdate = 2008-02-23}}</ref>
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[heart disease]], [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Klatsky | first = Arthur L. | coauthors = Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. | date = 2006 | title = Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes | url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/11/1190 | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 166 | issue = 11 | pages = 1190–1195 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.11.1190 | pmid = 16772246 | accessdate = 2008-02-23}}</ref> and [[gout]]. Some health effects are due to the [[caffeine]] content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pereira, Mark A. | coauthors = Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. | year = 2006 | title = Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women. | url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1311 | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 166 | issue = 12 | pages = 1311–1316 | pmid = 16801515 | accessdate = 2008-02-23}}</ref> For example, the [[antioxidant]]s in coffee prevent [[Radical (chemistry)|free radicals]] from causing cell damage.<ref>{{
cite web | last = Bakalar | first = Nicholas | date = 2006-08-15 | title = Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits | publisher = New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/health/nutrition/15coff.html?ex=1313294400&en=d420f19ee1c77365&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss
| accessdate = 2007-07-28 }}</ref>
Coffee's negative health effects are mostly due to its [[caffeine]] content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mahmud | first = A. | coauthors = Feely, J. | year = 2001 | title = Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform | url = http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/38/2/227 | journal = Hypertension | volume = 38 | issue = 2 | pages = 227–231 | pmid = 11509481 | accessdate = 2008-02-23}}</ref> Excess coffee consumption may lead to a [[magnesium deficiency (medicine)|magnesium deficiency]] or [[hypomagnesaemia]],<ref>{{cite journal | author = Johnson, S. | date = 2001 | title = The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency | url = http://www.george-eby-research.com/html/wide-mag-deficiency-path.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Medical Hypotheses | volume = 56 |issue = 2 |pages = 163-170 |publisher = Harcourt Publishers Ltd |doi = 10.1054/mehy.2000.1133 | pmid = 11425281 |accessdate = 2008-02-23}}</ref> and may be a risk factor for [[Coronary_heart_disease|coronary heart disease]]. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on [[short-term memory]], by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current [[train of thought]], but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.<ref>{{cite web | author = BBC News | coauthors = Lesk, Valerie |date = 2004-07-20 | title = A coffee can make you forgetful | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3909085.stm | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2008-02-23}}</ref> About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,<ref>{{cite journal |author = Smith, A. | year = 2002 | title = Effects of caffeine on human behavior | url = http://www.erowid.org//references/refs_view.php?A=ShowDocPartFrame&ID=6685&DocPartID=6196 | journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology | volume = 40 | issue = 9 | pages = 1243-1255 | doi = 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00096-0 | pmid = 12204388 | accessdate = 2008-02-23}}</ref> and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.<ref>{{cite web | author = Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine |year = 2003| title = Use and Common Sources of Caffeine | url = http://www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine_dependence.html#sources | work = Information about Caffeine Dependence | accessdate = 2008-02-23 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.<ref>{{cite web | author = Haines, Cynthia Dennison | year = 2007 | title = Caffeine in the diet | url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm | work = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia | publisher = The U.S. National Library of Medicine | accessdate = 2008-02-23}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[edit] Rendering for footnote full references
All three of the above footnote examples would render exactly the same.
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Findings are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.[1]
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, cirrhosis of the liver,[2] and gout. Some health effects are due to the caffeine content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components.[3] For example, the antioxidants in coffee prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.[4]
Coffee's negative health effects are mostly due to its caffeine content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls.[5] Excess coffee consumption may lead to a magnesium deficiency or hypomagnesaemia,[6] and may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on short-term memory, by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current train of thought, but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information.[7] About 10% of people with a moderate daily intake (235 mg per day) reported increased depression and anxiety when caffeine was withdrawn,[8] and about 15% of the general population report having stopped caffeine use completely, citing concern about health and unpleasant side effects.[9] Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 8-ounce (236 ml) cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.[10]
References
- ^ Kummer, Corby (2003). "Caffeine and Decaf", The Joy of Coffee. Houghton Mifflin Cookbooks, 160-165. ISBN 0618302409. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- ^ Klatsky, Arthur L.; Morton, C.; Udaltsova, N.; Friedman, D. (2006). "Coffee, Cirrhosis, and Transaminase Enzymes". Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (11): 1190–1195. doi:. PMID 16772246.
- ^ Pereira, Mark A.; Parker, D.; Folsom, A.R. (2006). "Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an 11-year prospective study of 28 812 postmenopausal women.". Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (12): 1311–1316. PMID 16801515.
- ^ Bakalar, Nicholas (2006-08-15). Coffee as a Health Drink? Studies Find Some Benefits. New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
- ^ Mahmud, A.; Feely, J. (2001). "Acute Effect of Caffeine on Arterial Stiffness and Aortic Pressure Waveform". Hypertension 38 (2): 227–231. PMID 11509481.
- ^ Johnson, S. (2001). "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency" (PDF). Medical Hypotheses 56 (2): 163-170. Harcourt Publishers Ltd. doi:. PMID 11425281.
- ^ BBC News; Lesk, Valerie (2004-07-20). A coffee can make you forgetful. BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- ^ Smith, A. (2002). "Effects of caffeine on human behavior". Food and Chemical Toxicology 40 (9): 1243-1255. doi:. PMID 12204388.
- ^ Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (2003). Use and Common Sources of Caffeine. Information about Caffeine Dependence. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
- ^ Haines, Cynthia Dennison (2007). Caffeine in the diet. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. The U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
