City of Salford

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For the individual settlement, see Salford.
City of Salford
Salford Town Hall at Swinton
Salford Town Hall at Swinton
Official logo of City of Salford
Coat of Arms of the City Council
Motto: "Salus Populi Suprema Lex"
"The Welfare of the People is the Highest Law"
Salford shown within England
Salford shown within England
Coordinates: 53°30′35″N 2°20′04″W / 53.50972, -2.33444
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Constituent country England
Region North West England
Ceremonial county Greater Manchester
Admin HQ Swinton
City status (Salford) 1926
Metropolitan borough status 1 April 1974
City status 1 April 1974
Government
 - Type Metropolitan borough, City
 - Governing body Salford City Council
 - Mayor Cllr Margaret Morris
 - MPs: Hazel Blears (L)
Ian Stewart (L)
Barbara Keeley (L)
Area
 - Total 37.5 sq mi (97.19 km²)
Elevation 223 ft (68 m)
Population (2006 est.)
 - Total 218,000 (Ranked 59th)
 - Density 5,809.3/sq mi (2,243/km²)
 - Ethnicity
(2005 estimate) [1]		 93.3% White
2.7% S.Asian and mixed
2.0% Black and mixed
1.7% Chinese and other
Time zone Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0)
Postcode M
Area code(s) 0161
ISO 3166-2 GB-SLF
ONS code 00BR
OS grid reference SJ805985
NUTS 3 UKD31
Website: www.salford.gov.uk

The City of Salford is a local government district of Greater Manchester, England, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. It is named after its largest settlement, Salford, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Swinton, Walkden and Eccles which each have a population of over 35,000.[2] The city has a population of 218,000.[3]

The city as it is today was formed as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, and is an amalgamation of five former local government districts. It is bounded on the south east by the River Irwell, which forms its boundary with the city of Manchester, on the east by Crumpsall, Cheetham Hill and Strangeways, and by the Manchester Ship Canal to the south, which forms its boundary with Trafford. The metropolitan boroughs of Wigan, Bolton and Bury lie to the west, northwest and north respectively. Some parts of the city, which lies directly west of Manchester, are highly industrialised and densely populated, but around one third of the city consists of rural open space. This is because the western half of the city stretches across an ancient peat bog known as Chat Moss.

Salford has a long history, with activity stretching back to the Neolithic age. There are over 250 listed buildings in the city, including Salford Cathedral, and three Scheduled Ancient Monuments. With the Industrial Revolution, Salford grew along with its textile industry. Salford was granted city status in 1926. The city and its industries experienced decline throughout the 20th century until the 1990s. Since then, parts of Salford have undergone regeneration, especially Salford Quays which has become the home of the BBC in the north of England. The city is ranked ninth out of the ten boroughs of Greater Manchester by General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam results. In the city is the University of Salford which is undergoing a £150M redevelopment. The Salford City Reds play rugby league in National League One.

Contents

[edit] History

Only the head of Worsley Man was discovered.
Only the head of Worsley Man was discovered.

Although the metropolitan borough of the City of Salford was a 20th-century creation, the area has a long history, extending back to the Stone Age. Neolithic flint arrow-heads and tools, and evidence of Bronze Age activity has been discovered in Salford.[4] The Roman road from Manchester (Mamucium) to Bury passes through the city;[5] a hoard of over 550 bronze Roman coins dating between 259 AD and 278 AD was discovered in Boothstown;[6] and a Romano-British bog body, Worsley Man, was discovered in the peat bog Chat Moss.[7]

Salford became a free borough in about 1230.[8] During the Industrial Revolution, Salford grew as a result of the textile industry.[9] Although Salford experienced an increase in population, it was overshadowed by the dominance of Manchester and did not evolve as a commercial centre in the same way.[10]

At the start of the 20th century, Salford began to decline due to competition from outside the UK. A survey in 1931 concluded that parts of Salford were amongst the worst slums in the country.[11] In the decades following the Second World War there was a significant economic and population decline in Salford.[12] The new City of Salford metropolitan borough was formed on April 1, 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as one of the ten metropolitan districts of Greater Manchester.[13] Since the early 1990s, the decline has slowed.[12]

[edit] Geography

Salford's cityscape from Hartshead Pike.
Salford's cityscape from Hartshead Pike.

The City of Salford is bounded to the north by the boroughs of Bolton and Bury, to the south by Trafford, to the west by boroughs of Wigan and Warrington in Cheshire, and to the east by Manchester. The natural mossland of Chat Moss lies in the south western corner of the city; it covers an area of about 10.6 square miles (27.5 km²), accounting for about 30% of the city's area,[14] and lies 75 feet (23 m) above sea level.[15] The moss makes up the largest area of prime farmland in Greater Manchester.[16] Kersal Moor is an area of moorland spanning 8 hectares (20 acres) in Kersal; it is a Local Nature Reserve and a Site of Biological Importance.[17][18] Greenspace accounts for 55.7% of the City of Salford's total area, domestic buildings and gardens comprise 20.0%, and the rest is made up of roads and non-domestic buildings.[19]

The River Irwell runs south east through Kearsley, Clifton and Agecroft then meanders around Lower Broughton and Kersal, Salford Crescent and the centre of Manchester, joining the rivers Irk and Medlock. Turning west, it meets the Mersey south of Irlam, where the route of the river was altered in the late 19th century to form part of the course of the Manchester Ship Canal. The Ship Canal, opened in 1894, forms part of Salford's southern boundaries with Trafford.[20]

[edit] Governance

[edit] History

In about 1230, Salford was granted a charter as a free borough by the Earl Ranulph of Chester;[21] the hundred of Salford was created as Salfordshire in the historic county of Lancashire. The hundred survived until the 19th century,[22] when it was replaced by one of the first county boroughs in the country. Salford was granted city status in 1926.[23] In 1961 a small part of Eccles was added to the city. On 1 April 1974, the City and County Borough of Salford was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, and was replaced by the metropolitan borough of City of Salford, a local government district of the new metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.[22] The city status of the new district was confirmed by additional letters patent issued on the same day.[24]

[edit] Parliamentary constituencies

The residents of the City of Salford are represented in the British Parliament by Members of Parliament (MPs) for three separate parliamentary constituencies. Salford is represented by Hazel Blears MP (Labour).[25] Eccles is represented by Ian Stewart MP (Labour).[26] Worsley, which also covers parts of the Wigan, is represented by Barbara Keeley MP (Labour).[27] The City of Salford is part of the North West England constituency in the European Parliament. North West England elects nine MEPs, as at 2008 made up of four Conservatives, three from the Labour Party, one Liberal Democrat, and one member of the United Kingdom Independence Party.[28]

[edit] Council

In 1974, Salford City Council was created to administer the newly formed metropolitan borough. The council offices are located in Swinton, in what was formerly the Swinton and Pendlebury town hall. The Labour Party have been in control of the council since its formation in 1974.[29] The council has a constitution detailing how they should operate in performing their duties.[30] Salford City Council's mission statement is "to create the best possible quality of life for the people of Salford".[31] Their aims are to improve health; reduce crime; encourage learning, leisure and creativity; invest in young people, promote inclusion, creating prosperity, and to enhance life.[31] Councillor Valerie May Burgoyne is Mayor of Salford for 2007-08.[32]

Salford City Council was assessed by the Audit Commission and judged to be "improving well" in providing services for local people. Overall the council was awarded "three star" status meaning it was "performing well" and "consistently above minimum requirements", similar to 46% of all local authorities.[33]

The modern metropolitan borough of the City of Salford is based on the former County Borough of the City of Salford which included the city centre, Pendleton, Weaste, Claremont, Langworthy, Broughton, Kersal, Ordsall and Seedley. The city is entirely unparished and absorbed the municipal boroughs of Eccles and Swinton and Pendlebury and the urban districts of Irlam and Worsley. An urban district was a type of local government district which covered an urbanised area.

Party political make-up of Salford Council
   Party Seats Current Council (2008–09)
2007[29] 2008[29]
  Labour 42 36                                                                                                                        
  Conservative 10 13                                                                                                                        
  Lib Dems 8 10                                                                                                                        
  Independent 0 1                                                                                                                        

[edit] Electoral wards

There are 60 councillors representing 20 wards. Swinton and Walkden have six councillors each.[34]

Ward name Area (ha)/mi2 Population Population density (people per hectare) Ref.
Barton 244 hectares (0.94 sq mi) 12,067 47.4 [35]
Boothstown and Ellenbrook 860 hectares (3.3 sq mi) 9,799 44.5 [36]
Broughton 267 hectares (1.03 sq mi) 11,861 44.4 [37]
Cadishead 1,476 hectares (5.70 sq mi) 9,289 21.9 [38]
Claremont 190 hectares (0.73 sq mi) 10,484 55.2 [39]
Eccles 270 hectares (1.0 sq mi) 10,298 38.2 [40]
Irlam 935 hectares (3.61 sq mi) 9,868 28.9 [41]
Irwell Riverside 451 hectares (1.74 sq mi) 11,571 25.7 [42]
Kersal 313 hectares (1.21 sq mi) 11,305 36.1 [43]
Langworthy 203 hectares (0.78 sq mi) 12,373 61.2 [44]
Little Hulton 452 hectares (1.75 sq mi) 12,713 32.8 [45]
Ordsall 414 hectares (1.60 sq mi) 6,554 15.8 [46]
Pendlebury 662 hectares (2.56 sq mi) 11,499 27.7 [47]
Swinton North 349 hectares (1.35 sq mi) 11,000 43.3 [48]
Swinton South 281 hectares (1.08 sq mi) 10,993 39.1 [49]
Walkden North 448 hectares (1.73 sq mi) 11,241 36.0 [50]
Walkden South 361 hectares (1.39 sq mi) 10,170 36.4 [51]
Weaste and Seedley 354 hectares (1.37 sq mi) 10,913 30.8 [52]
Winton 370 hectares (1.4 sq mi) 12,199 44.1 [53]
Worsley 838 hectares (3.24 sq mi) 9,964 22.6 [54]
City of Salford

[edit] Coat of arms

The coat of arms of the City of Salford
The coat of arms of the City of Salford

The coat of arms of the City of Salford depicts a shuttle surrounded by five bees with a three masted ship above, on a shield flanked by two lions.[55] The blue background with a gold chief is taken from the arms of the County Borough of Salford, who in turn took it from the colours of the Earl of Chester. The shuttle and five bees represent the industry of the area and five settlements who benefited from the textile industry.[55] The ship is borrowed from the crest of the Borough of Eccles and represents the importance of waterways to the city. The ship is flanked by two millrinds – the centres of millstones – symbolising engineering.[55] The lions are taken from the crest of the Borough of Swinton and Pendlebury; they are wearing iron steel chain representing engineering. The shield is topped by a griffin carrying a pennon depicting three boars' heads. The griffin is taken from the crest of Eccles and the boars are from the crest of Irlam Urban District.[55] Beneath the shield is a scroll reading salus populi suprema lex, Latin for "the welfare of the people is the highest law".[55]

[edit] Budget

In 2007–8, City of Salford council spent a total of £218 million. The council spent £50M on children's services (23%); £68M on community health and social care (31%); £15M environmental service (7%); £28M on housing and planning (13%); and £9M on customer and support services (4%). For the 2008–9 financial year, the council’s income is expected to consist of £125M (59%) from government grants and £87M (41%) from council tax.[56]

[edit] Demography

Salford Compared
2001 UK Census[57] Salford Greater Manchester England
Total population 216,103 2,514,757 49,138,831
White 96.1% 91.2% 90.9%
Asian 1.4% 5.6% 4.6%
Black 0.6% 1.2% 2.3%

As of the 2001 UK census, the City of Salford had a total population of 216,103.[57] Of the 94,238 households in Salford, 29.3% were married couples living together, 36.7% were one-person households, 8.5% were co-habiting couples and 12.5% were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were above the national average of 9.5%, and the percentage of married couples was also below the national average of 36.5%; the proportion of one person households was higher than the national average of 30.1%.[58]

The population density was 2,223 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,757.5/sq mi)[59] and for every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. Of those aged 16–74 in Salford, 35.5% had no academic qualifications, significantly higher than 28.9% in all of England.[57] 5.3% of Salford’s residents were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%.[60] The largest minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.4% of the population.[61]

[edit] Population change

The table below details the population change since 1901, including the percentage change since the last available census data. Although the City of Salford has existed as a metropolitan borough since 1974, figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages, and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of the city.

Population growth in Salford since 1901
Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 2001
Population 162,452 172,998 234,045 223,438 166,386 178,194 155,090 131,006 216,103
 % change – +6.5 +35.3 −4.5 −25.5 +7.1 −13.0 −15.5 +65.0
Source: A Vision of Britain through Time

[edit] Economy

Construction of mediacity:uk in March 2008
Construction of mediacity:uk in March 2008

Salford Docks (also called Manchester Docks) were opened by Queen Victoria in 1894, providing docks in Manchester and Salford for the Manchester Ship Canal which linked Manchester to the sea.[62] During the 1970s, the docks fell into decline as they proved too small for new, larger ships,[62] and when they were abandoned in 1982 over 3,000 people lost their jobs.[62] Salford City Council purchased the docks in 1984 and since then they underwent regeneration as a centre of tourism in Salford, which included the construction of the Lowry Centre.[62] More than 10,000 people are employed in the Quays in jobs such as retail, construction, and e-commerce.[63] In 2007, it was confirmed that the BBC would be moving five of its departments to a new development on Pier 9 of Salford Quays, to be called mediacity:uk.[64] The move, which is expected to be completed by 2011, will create up to 15,500 jobs and add £1bn to the regional economy over 5 years.[65]

City of Salford Compared
2001 UK Census[66] City of Salford North West England England
Population of working age 155,376 4,839,669 35,532,091
Full time employment 39.3% 38.8% 40.8%
Part time employment 10.6% 11.9% 11.8%
Self employed 5.4% 7.1% 8.3%
Unemployed 3.8% 3.6% 3.3%
Retired 13.5% 14.3% 13.5%

Finance and professional services, tourism and culture, and computer and internet based services have been identified as growth industries in Greater Manchester and are concentrated in Manchester and Salford.[67] Average house prices in the City of Salford are sixth out of all the metropolitan boroughs in Greater Manchester, 7.6% lower than the average for the county.[68]

As of the 2001 UK census, Salford had 155,376 residents aged 16 to 74. 3.0% of these people were students with jobs, 5.9% looking after home or family, 9.5% permanently sick or disabled and 3.9% economically inactive for other reasons. The City of Salford has a high rate of people who are permanently sick and disabled, nearly double the national average of 5.3%.[66]

In 2001, of 89,920 residents of the City of Salford in employment, the industry of employment was 12.7% property and business services, 18.7% retail and wholesale, 14.4% manufacturing, 11.9% health and social work, 7.6% education, 7.7% transport and communications, 6.8% construction, 4.4% finance, 4.7% public administration and defence, 5.1% hotels and restaurants, 0.7% energy and water supply, 0.4% agriculture, and 4.9% other. This was roughly in line with national figures, except for the proportion of jobs in agriculture which is less than half the national average, reflecting the city's suburban nature and its proximity to the centre of Manchester.[69]

[edit] Culture

[edit] Landmarks

See also: List of tallest buildings and structures in Salford
Cathedral Church of St. John the Evangelist
Cathedral Church of St. John the Evangelist

As of September 2003, the City of Salford has 6 Grade I, 14 Grade II*, and 253 Grade II listed buildings.[70] The city has the equal second highest number of Grade I listed buildings out of the districts of Greater Manchester, behind Manchester. The Grade I listed buildings are the Church of St Augustine, the Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin, St Mark's Church, Ordsall Hall, Wardley Hall, and a bridge over the River Irwell.[70] Salford Cathedral, built in 1845, is the seat of the Diocese of Salford and a Grade II* listed building.[71] Most of the Salford's tallest buildings are mid-20th century residential tower blocks or 21st century high rise apartments. A study by Professor Christopher Collier of the University of Salford suggested that Manchester's drizzly climate is largely due to the multitude of high-rise blocks in Salford.[72][73] Collier has proposed that they have a "dramatic influence on the region's weather patterns", and may contribute to the 8 °C (14 °F) temperature difference between Salford and its surrounding countryside.[72]

There are three Scheduled Ancient Monuments in the city. The oldest is an Iron Age promontory fort occupied from 500 BC–200 AD.[74] Also scheduled is Hanging Bridge on the border with Manchester, dating to the 14th century,[75] and an underground section of the Bridgewater Canal in Swinton built in 1759.[76]

[edit] Sport

Artist's impression of the proposed City of Salford Stadium, the new home of Salford City Reds.
Artist's impression of the proposed City of Salford Stadium, the new home of Salford City Reds.

Salford is home to three rugby league teams. Founded in 1873, Salford City Reds play in National League One at The Willows in Salford.[77] They won the Rugby League Challenge Cup in the 1938,[78] and have experienced two stretches in the Super League, 1997–2002 and 2004–2007.[79][80] They also compete in the Northern Rail Cup which they won in 2003.[81] Construction on a new 22,000 seat £35M stadium for the team,[82] called the City of Salford Stadium, is three months behind schedule; it is unlikely to be ready for the start of the 2009 season.[83] Swinton Lions were founded in 1866 and play in National League Two at Park Lane.[84] They won the Rugby League Championship six times between 1926 and 1964, before it was superseded by Super League.[84] The Broughton Rangers were founded in 1877 and won the Rugby League Challenge Cup in the 1901-02 and 1910-11 seasons.[78] The club folded in 1955, but were reformed in 2007 with the support of Salford City Reds.[85][86]

Also in Salford are two football teams and two cricket teams. Irlam F.C. is an amateur football team that has played in the Manchester Football League since 1989.[87] They were founded in 1969 as Mitchell Shackleton Football Club and changed their name in 2006.[88] Salford City F.C. was founded in 1940 and play in the North West Counties Football League.[89] Monton & Weaste C.C. and Clifton C.C. have played in the Central Lancashire Cricket League since 2005 and 2006 respectively.

[edit] Education

Established in 1967, the University of Salford is one of four universities in Greater Manchester and has approximately 19,000 students.
Established in 1967, the University of Salford is one of four universities in Greater Manchester and has approximately 19,000 students.
See also: List of schools in City of Salford

Overall, Salford was ranked 75th out of the all the Local Education Authorities – and seventh in Greater Manchester – in National Curriculum assessment performance in 2007.[90] Unauthorised absences and authorised absences from Salford secondary schools in 2006-07 were 2.0% and 7.0% respectively, both higher than the national average (1.4% and 6.4%).[91] In 2007, the Salford LEA was ranked 127th out of 149 in the country – and ninth in Greater Manchester – based on the percentage of pupils attaining at least 5 A*–C grades at General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) including maths and English (37.8% compared with the national average of 46.7%).[92] In 2007, Bnos Yisroel School was the most successful school in Salford at GCSE, with 86% of the pupils gaining five or more GCSEs at A*–C grade including maths and English. Bridgewater School was the most successful at A–level.[93]

The University of Salford is one of four universities in Greater Manchester and was ranked 81st by The Times. It has 20,000 students and a 69.7% level of student satisfaction. In 2007, the university received nearly 17,000 applications for 3,660 places.[94] The university is undergoing £150M of redevelopment through investment in new facilities, including a £10M law school and a £22M building for health and social care which were opened in 2006.[94] In 2007, the drop out rate from the university was 25%. Of the students graduating, 50% gained first class or 2:1 degrees,[94] which is below the national average of about 55%.[95]

[edit] GCSE Examination Performance 2007

School A*-C Pass Rate   School Point Score
Beis Yaakov High School 90%   St Ambrose Barlow RC High School 526.6
Bnos Yisroel Schools 86%   Irlam and Cadishead High School 466.3
Bridgewater School 80%   St Patrick's RC High School 456.9
St Ambrose Barlow RC High School 64%   The Swinton High School 456.4
Walkden High School 58%   Beis Yaakov High School 443.5
St Patrick's RC High School 56%   St George's RC High School 413.0
St George's RC High School 47%   All Hallows RC B & E College 383.1
Moorside High School 44%   Walkden High School 393.1
Salford City Academy 41%   Bridgewater School 378.6
Irlam and Cadishead High School 38%   Salford City Academy 374.2
The Swinton High School 38%   Harrop Fold School 370.1
Buile Hill High School 29%   The Albion High School 344.3
Wentworth High School 25%   Wentworth High School 324.7
All Hallows RC B & E College 24%   Bnos Yisroel Schools 321.4
The Albion High School 23%   Moorside High School 317.5
Hope High School 23%   Buile Hill High School 311.0
Harrop Fold School 19%   Hope High School 235.7
Average for City of Salford 37.8%   Average for City of Salford 375.4
Average for England 46.7%   Average for England 378.1
  • The table on the left shows the percentage of students gaining five A* to C grades, including English and Maths, for state schools in the City of Salford.
  • The table on the right shows the Average Total Point Score per Student for state schools in the City of Salford.
  • Source: Department for Children, Schools and Families - http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/

[edit] Religion

See also: List of churches in Greater Manchester
Religion in the City of Salford
2001 UK Census[57] City of Salford North West England England
Population 216,103 6,729,764 49,138,831
Christian 76.5% 78.0% 71.7%
Jewish 2.4% 0.4% 0.5%
Muslim 1.2% 3.0% 3.1%
No religion 11.0% 10.5% 14.6%

As of the 2001 UK census, 76.5% of Salford’s residents were Christian, 2,4% Jewish, 1.2% Muslim, 0.3% Hindu, 0.2% Buddhist, and 0.1% Sikh. 11.0% had no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion and 8.1% did not state their religion.[57] Salford is covered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford,[96] and the Church of England Diocese of Manchester.[97] During the mid-19th century, there was an influx of Irish people into the Salford area, partly due to The Great Hunger in Ireland.[98] In 1848, Salford Roman Catholic Cathedral was consecrated, reflecting Salford's large Irish-born community at the time.[99]

Of Salford’s six Grade I listed buildings, three are churches. St Augustine's Church, in Pendlebury, was built in 1874 by George Frederick Bodley.[100] The Church of St Mary the Virgin, in Eccles, was originally built in the 13th century but was expanded in the 15th. A church has been on the site since at least the Norman period.[100][101] St Mark's Church, in Worsley, was built in 1846 by George Gilbert Scott.[100] The six Grade II* listed churches are the Church of St Andrew in Eccles,[100][102] the Cathedral Church of St John,[103] the Church of St Luke in Salford,[104] Monton Unitarian Church in Monton,[105] the Church of St Philip in Salford,[106] and the United Reformed Church.[100]

[edit] Transport

Eccles Metrolink station
Eccles Metrolink station

The City of Salford is served by nine railway stations on four routes. Eccles and Patricroft are on the northern route of the Liverpool to Manchester Line, while Irlam, in the southwest of the borough, is on the southern route. Clifton is on the line to Bolton and Preston; Swinton, Moorside and Walkden are on the Manchester to Southport Line via Wigan; and Salford Central and Salford Crescent are served by both routes. A station at Pendleton was closed in 1998 after suffering fire damage and a loss of patronage in favour of nearby Salford Crescent, opened a few years earlier.[107] Most train services are provided by Northern Rail,[108] although Salford Crescent is also served by First TransPennine Express as part of its TransPennine North West network.[109]

The Eccles line of the Manchester Metrolink runs through the City of Salford, with stations at Exchange Quay, Salford Quays, Anchorage, Harbour City, Broadway, Langworthy, Weaste, Ladywell, and Eccles. The line was opened in two stages, in 1999 and 2000, as Phase 2 of the system's development.[110]

There are bus stations at Pendleton and Eccles. Buses run to destinations throughout the city, across Greater Manchester and further afield: Pendleton is served by a route to Preston,[111] while the Eccles Interchange, next to the Metrolink stop, has a service to Liverpool John Lennon Airport.[112]

The council is responsible for the administration and maintenance of public roads and footpaths in the city.[113]

[edit] Twin towns

The City of Salford has formal twinning arrangements with four European places.[114] Each was originally twinned with a place within the City of Salford prior to its creation in 1974.

Country Place County / District / Region / State Originally twinned with Date
Flag of France France Clermont-Ferrand Auvergne Salford 1966
Flag of Germany Germany Lünen North Rhine-Westphalia Swinton and Pendlebury 1966
Flag of France France Saint-Ouen Seine-Saint-Denis Worsley 1961
Flag of France France Narbonne Languedoc-Roussillon Eccles 1957

[edit] See also

North West England Portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ City of Salford Metropolitan Borough resident population estimates by ethnic group (percentages) 2005 estimate. Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  2. ^ United Kingdom Census 2001. Greater Manchester Urban Area. statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2007-12-06.
  3. ^ Anon (2007-08-21). Population estimates 2006 by district. Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
  4. ^ Cooper (2005), p. 18
  5. ^ William Farrer & J. Brownbill (editors). A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4. British-history.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2008-04-10.
  6. ^ Monument no. 44272. Pastscape.org.uk. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
  7. ^ Pain (2003), p. 48
  8. ^ Cooper (2005), p. 12
  9. ^ Salford City Council (2004-05-25). Salford's Local History. Salford.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
  10. ^ McNeil, R. & Nevell, M (2000). A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester. Association for Industrial Archaeology. ISBN 0-9528930-3-7. 
  11. ^ Cooper (2005), p. 41
  12. ^ a b Market Renewal: Manchester Salford Pathfinder (PDF). Audit Commission (2003). Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
  13. ^ HMSO. Local Government Act 1972. 1972 c.70
  14. ^ Chat Moss. Salford City Council. Retrieved on 2007-04-06.
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[edit] Bibliography

  • Birks, H.J.B (1965). Late-glacial deposits at Bagmere, Cheshire, and Chat Moss, Lancashire. New Phytologist 64 (2). Blackwell Publishing. ISSN 0028-646X. 
  • Cooper, Glynis (2005). Salford: An Illustrated History. The Breedon Books Publishing Company. ISBN 1859834558. 
  • Nevell, Mike (1997). The Archaeology of Trafford. Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council with the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit. ISBN 1-870695-25-9. 
  • Pain, Stephanie (2003-09-23). The Head from Worsley Moss. New Scientist (2414). Reed Business Information Ltd. ISSN 0262-4079. 

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