Cirth

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This chart showing the runes shared by the Angerthas Daeron and Angerthas Moria is presented in Appendix E of The Return of the King. Some of the cirth had different values for the Elvish and Dwarvish languages and some were used in only one system or the other.

The Cirth ("Runes") are the letters of an artificial script which was invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for the constructed languages he devised and used in his works. The initial C in Cirth is pronounced as a K, never as an S.

The runic alphabet used by the Dwarves of Middle-earth was adapted by J.R.R. Tolkien from real-life runes. In The Hobbit, the Anglo-Saxon futhorc was used in the publication with few changes; in The Lord of the Rings a new system of runes, the Cirth, was devised.

Since the Cirth is an alphabet, one rune generally stands for one sound (phoneme) and sounds that would be written with a digraph in English (such as "sh" and "th") are written with one rune. Words are separated by a dot rather than a space, and double consonants are grouped together into one rune, the same as if it were a single consonant. Presumably this alphabet was meant to be used in conjunction with a Dwarf language, but mostly it is used for transliterations.

In the fictional history of Middle-earth, the original Certhas Daeron was created by Daeron, the minstrel of king Thingol of Doriath and was later expanded into what was known as the Angerthas Daeron. Although the Cirth were later largely replaced by the Tengwar (which were enhanced and brought by Fëanor), they were adopted by Dwarves to write down their Khuzdûl language (Angerthas Moria and Angerthas Erebor) because their straight lines were better suited to carving than the curved strokes of the Tengwar. Some examples of Cirth writings are the inscription on Balin's tomb in Moria and the inscriptions on the top of the title pages for The Lord of the Rings. Cirth was also adapted, in its older and simpler form, by various kinds of Men and even Orcs. For example, it was used by the Men of Dale and the Rohirrim and the Orcs of Moria.

Cirth is plural and is written with a capital C when referring to the writing system—the runes themselves can be called cirth. A single rune is a certh.

Many letters have shapes also found in the historical Futhark runes (used in The Hobbit), but their sound values are only similar in a few of the vowels. Rather, the system of assignment of sound values is much more systematic in the Cirth than in the historical runes (e.g., voiced variants of a voiceless sound are expressed by an additional stroke). A similar system has been proposed for a few historical runes (e.g. p ᛈ and w ᚹ as variants of b ᛒ), but is in any case much more obscure. There are a few coincidental identities between cirth and runic letters, i with runic ᛁ, k with Younger Futhark ᚴ and ch with Anglo-Saxon ᚳ; p is furthermore reminiscent of Latin P (runic ᚹ w).

Cirth is written according to a certain mode specifically adapted for a language, and the values of individual certh may vary greatly according to the mode used. Three modes for Cirth are described in detail in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings, and others are known to exist or have been developed by enthusiasts.

The Cirth are not yet part of the Unicode Standard. However the ConScript Unicode Registry has defined the U+E080 to U+E0FF range of the Unicode "Private Use Area" for Cirth.

The Angerthas Daeron consists of 60 letters:

nr.	value	corresponding runic glyph
1.	p	ᚹ w
2.	b	ᚱ r
3.	f	mirror rune of ᚹ w
4.	v	mirror rune of ᚱ r
5.	h	"lantern rune" (i͡ŋ bind rune)
6.	m	ᛒ b
7.	(mh) mb	mirror rune of ᛒ b
8.	t	ᛚ l
9.	d	ᚨ a
10.	th	mirror rune of ᛚ l
11.	dh	mirror rune of ᚨ a
12.	n-r	ᛏ t
13.	ch	Anglo-Saxon ᚳ c
14.	j
15.	sh	mirror rune of Anglo-Saxon ᚳ c
16.	zh
17.	nj-z	Younger Futhark ᛦ R
18.	k	Younger Futhark ᚴ k
19.	g	ᚠ f
20.	kh	mirror rune of Younger Futhark ᚴ k
21.	gh	mirror rune of ᚠ f
22.	ŋ-n	ᛉ z
23.	kw	like Old Italic 𐌍 n
24.	gw	Anglo-Saxon ᚩ o
25.	khw	mirror image of Old Italic 𐌍 n
26.	ghw, w	mirror rune of Anglo-Saxon ᚩ o
27.	ngw	Anglo-Saxon ᛠ ear
28.	nw	ᛈ p
29.	r-j	ᛕ like Italic 𐌊 (K)
30.	rh-zh	mirror image of ᛕ / 𐌊
31.	l	Younger Futhark ᛅ a
32.	lh	ᚾ n
33.	ng-nd	g͡i bind rune
34.	s-h	mirror rune of ᚲ k (>)
35.	s-'	ᚲ k (<)
36.	z-ŋ	ᚷ g (X)
37.	ng*	Anglo-Saxon ᚸ gar (ŋ͡g bindrune)
38.	nd	ᛞ d, ᛗ m
39.	i (y)	ᛁ i
40.	y*	Anglo-Saxon / Younger Futhark ᛋ s
41.	hy*	mirror rune of ᛋ s
42.	u	ᛟ o
43.	û	ᛝ variant of ŋ
44.	w
45.	ü
46.	e	single barred ᚺ h
47.	ê	double barred ᚻ h
48.	a	ᚢ u
49.	â	Anglo-Saxon ᚣ y
50.	o	(𐌡, Λ)
51.	ô
52.	ö
53.	n̂	(𐌖 Y)
54.	h-s
55.	ps*	short-twig ᚿ n
56.	ts*	short-twig ᛆ a
57.		ᚦ
58.		mirror rune of ᚦ
59.	+h
60.	&	mirror rune of ᛇ ï

Where two values are given connected with a hyphen, the first is that of the older Angerthas, the second that of the dwarvish Angerthas Moria. Letters with asterisk are dwarvish only, values in brackets elvish only.

[edit] See also

• Tengwar
• Sarati
• Languages of Middle-earth

[edit] External links

• Article on Tolkien's Cirthic runes
• Cirth.de - Explore the appearances of runes in Tolkien's work (in German)
• Dan Smith's Cirth article Information and font to download
• History of Elven writing systems
• Official proposal to encode Cirth in Unicode
• Cirth proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry
• Generator for Cirth Runes and Tengwar