Chronology of the Bible
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Biblical chronology is the academic discipline of identifying the Gregorian calendar dates for events mentioned by the Bible. The dating of events, from the narrative of Joseph to the times of the Babylonian captivity, are heavily reliant on the related discipline of Egyptian Chronology, the Old Testament, New Testament, Mishnah sources, and on the work of James Ussher.
Dates in the Bronze Age are traditional and do not have archaeological corroborations. Dates in the Iron Age and later are placed by the Bible into the wider framework of history, and so are dated by biblical references to historically verifiable events, such as Shishak's raid in 926 BCE.
For a historical look at the bible see The Bible and history
See Short chronology for a more detailed history of the Ancient Middle East and Ancient Near East region. See Timeline of Christianity for a more detailed chronology of the Christian Era.
Contents |
[edit] Dating of Creation
[edit] Jewish computation
Years in the Hebrew calendar are counted from the Creation year. The system in use today was adopted sometime before 3925 AM (165 CE), and based on the calculation in the Seder Olam Rabbah of Rabbi Yose Ben Halafta in about 160 CE.[1] By his calculation first humans were created in the year 3761 BCE.[2] The Jewish year spanning 2007–2008 CE, after Rosh Hashanah, is 5768 AM in the Hebrew calendar.
[edit] Other computations
Medieval historian Bede dated creation to 18 March 3952 BCE. The Chronicon of Eusebius and Jerome dated creation to the year of 5199 BCE.[3][4] Earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology for Christmas Day used this date,[5] as did the Irish Annals of the Four Masters.[6]
James Ussher (1654) dated creation to 23 October 4004 BCE according to the Julian Calendar, which in the Gregorian Calendar would be 21 September 4004 BCE.
[edit] Creation to Babylonian exile
| Date (AM) |
Date (BCE) |
Event |
|---|---|---|
[edit] Creation to Flood |
||
| 0 AM (Genesis 1:1 ff) |
3924 BCE | The universe is created, including Adam and Eve. |
| ?? (Genesis 3:23) |
?? | Adam and Eve banished from the Garden of Eden. |
| 130 AM (Genesis 5:3) |
3794 BCE | Seth, son of Adam with Eve, born |
| 235 AM (Genesis 5:6) |
3689 BCE | Enosh, son of Seth, born |
| 325 AM (Genesis 5:9) |
3599 BCE | Kenan, son of Enosh, born |
| 395 AM (Genesis 5:12) |
3529 BCE | Mahalalel, son of Kenan, born |
| 460 AM (Genesis 5:15) |
3464 BCE | Jared, son of Mahalalel, born |
| 622 AM (Genesis 5:18) |
3302 BCE | Enoch, son of Jared, born |
| 687 AM (Genesis 5:21) |
3237 BCE | Methuselah, son of Enoch, born |
| 874 AM (Genesis 5:25) |
3050 BCE | Lamech, son of Methusaleh, born |
| 930 AM (Genesis 5:5) |
2994 BCE | Adam dies |
| 1042 AM (Genesis 5:8) |
2882 BCE | Seth dies |
| 1052 AM (Genesis 5:23-24) |
2872 BCE | Enoch "walks with God" |
| 1056 AM (Genesis 5:28) |
2868 BCE | Noah, son of Lamech, born |
| 1140 AM (Genesis 5:11) |
2784 BCE | Enosh dies |
| 1235 AM (Genesis 5:14) |
2689 BCE | Kenan dies |
| 1290 AM (Genesis 5:17) |
2634 BCE | Mahalalel dies |
| 1422 AM (Genesis 5:20) |
2502 BCE | Jared dies |
| 1558 AM (Genesis 11:10) |
2366 BCE | Shem, son of Noah, born |
| 1651 AM (Genesis 5:31) |
2273 BCE | Lamech dies |
| 1656 AM (Genesis 5:27) |
2268 BCE | Methusaleh dies, possibly in Flood |
| 1656 AM (Genesis 7:11) |
2268 BCE | On the seventeenth day of the second month, the Flood begins. |
| 1657 AM (Genesis 8:4) |
2268 BCE | On the sevententh day of the seventh month, Noah's Ark lands on Mount Ararat |
| 1657 AM (Genesis 8:13-14) |
2267 BCE | On the twenty-seventh day of the second month, Noah and his family exit the ark |
[edit] Origin of the Patriarchs |
||
| 1658 AM (Genesis 11:10) |
2266 BCE | Arpachshad, son of Shem, born |
| 1693 AM (Genesis 11:12) |
2231 BCE | Shelah, son of Arpachshad, born |
| 1723 AM (Genesis 11:14) |
2201 BCE | Eber, son of Shelah, born |
| 1757 AM (Genesis 11:16) |
2167 BCE | Peleg, son of Eber, born |
| 1787 AM (Genesis 11:18) |
2137 BCE | Reu, son of Peleg, born |
| 1819 AM (Genesis 11:20) |
2105 BCE | Reu begets Serug |
| 1849 AM (Genesis 11:22) |
2075 BCE | Nahor, son of Serug, born |
| 1878 AM (Genesis 11:24) |
2046 BCE | Terah, son of Nahor, born |
| 1948 AM (Genesis 11:26) |
1976 BCE | Abram, son of Terah, born |
| 1958 AM (Genesis 17:17) |
1966 BCE | Sarai is born |
| 1996 AM (Genesis 11:19) |
1928 BCE | Peleg dies |
| 1996 AM (Genesis 10:25) |
1928 BCE | The Tower of Babel was destroyed |
| 1997 AM (Genesis 11:25) |
1927 BCE | Nahor dies |
| 2026 AM (Genesis 11:21) |
1898 BCE | Reu dies |
| 2034 AM (Genesis 16:16) |
1890 BCE | Ishmael, son of Abram with Sarai's handmaiden, Hagar, born |
| 2047 AM (Genesis 17:10) |
1877 BCE | Abram and Sarai are renamed Abraham and Sarah by God. Abraham is circumcised. Sodom and Gomorrah are destroyed |
| 2048 AM (Genesis 21:5) |
1876 BCE | Isaac, son of Abraham with Sarah, born |
| 2049 AM (Genesis 11:23) |
1875 BCE | Serug dies |
| 2083 AM (Genesis 11:32) |
1841 BCE | Terah dies |
| 2085 AM (Genesis 23:1) |
1839 BCE | Sarah dies |
| 2096 AM (Genesis 11:13) |
1828 BCE | Arpachshad dies |
| 2108 AM (25:26) |
1816 BCE | Jacob and Esau, son of Isaac with Rebekah, born |
| 2123 AM (Genesis 25:7) |
1801 BCE | Abraham dies |
| 2126 AM (Genesis 11:15) |
1798 BCE | Shelah dies |
| 2158 AM (Genesis 11:11) |
1766 BCE | Shem dies |
| 2171 AM (Genesis 25:17) |
1753 BCE | Ishmael dies |
| 2187 AM (Genesis 11:17) |
1737 BCE | Eber dies |
| 2199 AM (Genesis 41:46) |
1725 BCE | Joseph, son of Jacob with Rachel, born |
| 2216 AM (Genesis 37:2) |
1708 BCE | Joseph is sold by his brothers |
| 2227 AM (Genesis 41:1) |
1697 BCE | Joseph interprets the dreams of the butler and the baker while in prison |
| 2228 AM (Genesis 35:28) |
1696 BCE | Isaac dies |
| 2229 AM (Genesis 41:46) |
1695 BCE | Joseph is elevated to Pharaoh's second |
| 2238 AM (Genesis 47:9; 45:11; 41:46) |
1686 BCE | Jacob moves to Egypt at the age of 130 After 7 years of plenty and 2 years of famine When Joseph was 39 |
| 2245 AM (Genesis 47:28) |
1679 BCE | Jacob dies |
| 2309 AM (Genesis 50:26) |
1615 BCE | Joseph dies |
[edit] Nationhood |
||
| 2364 AM (Exodus 7:7) |
Amram begets Aaron with Jochebed | |
| 2367 AM (Exodus 7:7) |
Amram begets Moses with Jochebed | |
| 2448 AM (Genesis 15:13) |
The Israelites leave in a mass exodus from Egypt. | |
| 2487 AM (Deuteronony 34:7 |
Moses and Aaron die | |
| 2488 AM (Joshua 4:19) |
The Israelites enter Canaan | |
| 2448–2884 AM (I Kings 6:1; II Samuel 5:4) |
Period of Joshua, Judges and Saul, first King of Israel | |
[edit] The Kings(dates without biblical references[7]) |
||
| 2853 AM (II Samuel 5:4) |
1071 BCE | Jesse begets David |
| 2883–2923 AM (I Kings 2:11) |
1041–1001 BCE | David reigns as king of Israel |
| 2890 AM (I Kings 2:11) |
1034 BCE | David moves his capitol from Hebron to Jerusalem |
| 2923–2963 AM (I Kings 26:42) |
1001–961 BCE | Solomon reigns as king of Israel |
| 2927 AM (I Kings 6:1) |
997 BCE | Foundation of Temple laid in the 4th year of Solomon's reign 480th year after the Exodus |
| 2963 AM (I Kings 12) |
961 BCE | Israel splits into two rival kingdoms: Israel (in the north) and Judah (in the south) |
| 2964–2981 AM | 961–944/3 BCE | Rehoboam son of Solomon reigns as king of Judah |
| 2964–2986 AM | 961/60–939 BCE | Jeroboam I son of Nebat reigns as king of Israel |
| 2981–2984 AM | 944/3–941 BCE | Abijam son of Rehoboam reigns as king of Judah |
| 2984–3025 AM | 941–900 BCE | Asa son of Abijam reigns as king of Judah |
| 2986–2987 AM | 939–938 BCE | Nadab son of Jeroboam I reigns as king of Israel |
| 2987–3010 AM | 938–915 BCE | Baasha reigns as king of Israel |
| 3010–3011 AM | 915–914 BCE | Elah son of Baasha reigns as king of Israel |
| 3011 AM | 914 BCE | Zimri reigns as king of Israel |
| 3011–3012 AM | 914–913 BCE | Tibni reigns as king of Israel |
| 3011–3022 AM | 913–903 BCE | Omri reigns as king of Israel |
| 3022–3042 AM | 903–883/2 BCE | Ahab son of Omri reigns as king of Israel |
| 3025–3050 AM | 900–875 BCE | Jehoshaphat son of Asa reigns as king of Judah |
| 3042–3043 AM | 883/2–882/1 BCE | Ahaziah son of Ahab reigns as king of Israel |
| 3047–3054 AM | 878/7–871/70 BCE | Jehoroam (Joram) son of Jehoshaphat reigns as king of Judah |
| 3043–3054 AM | 875–871/70 BCE | Joram (Jehoram) son of Ahab reigns as king of Israel |
| 3054–3055 AM | 871/70–870 BCE | Ahaziah son of Jehoram reigns as king of Judah |
| 3055–3061 AM | 870–864 BCE | Athaliah wife of Jehoram rules over Judah |
| 3054–3084 AM | 871/70–841 BCE | Jehu son of Nimshi reigns as king of Israel |
| 3061–3101 AM | 864–824 BCE | Joash (Jehoash) son of Ahaziah reigns as king of Judah |
| 3084–3100 AM | 841–825/4 BCE | Jehoahaz son of Jehu reigns as king of Israel |
| 3098–3114 AM | 827/6–811 BCE | Jehoash (Joash) son of Jehoahaz reigns as king of Israel |
| 3100–3129 AM | 825–796 BCE | Amaziah son of Joash reigns as king of Judah |
| 3103–3154 AM | 822–771/70 BCE | Jeroboam II son of Jehoash reigns as king of Israel |
| 3117–3168 AM | 808–757/6 BCE | Uzziah (Azariah) son of Amaziah reigns as king of Judah |
| 3154–3155 AM | 771/70–770 BCE | Zechariah son of Jeroboam II reigns as king of Israel |
| 3155–3155 AM | 770 BCE | Shallum reigns as king of Israel |
| 3155–3166 AM | 770–759 BCE | Menahem son of Gadi reigns as king of Israel |
| 3166–3168 AM | 759–757 BCE | Pekahiah son of Menahem reigns as king of Israel |
| 3168–3184 | 757/6–741/40 BCE | Jotham son of Uzziah reigns as king of Judah |
| 3167–3188 AM | 758–737 BCE | Pekah son of Remaliah reigns as king of Israel |
| 3184–3200 AM | 741/40–725 BCE | Ahaz son of Jotham reigns as king of Judah |
| 3188–3206 AM | 737–719 BCE | Hoshea son of Elah reigns as king of Israel |
| 3200–3229 AM | 725–696 BCE | Hezekiah son of Ahaz reigns as king of Judah |
| 3206 AM | 719 BCE | Northern kingdom of Israel falls to Assyria |
| 3229–3284 AM | 696–641 BCE | Manasseh son of Hezekiah reigns as king of Judah |
| 3284–3286 AM | 641–639 BCE | Amon son of Manasseh reigns as king of Judah |
| 3286–3317 AM | 639–608 BCE | Josiah son of Amon reigns as king of Judah |
| 3317 AM | 608 BCE | Jehoahaz son of Josiah reigns as king of Judah |
| 3317–3327 AM | 608–598 BCE | Jehoiakim son of Josiah reigns as king of Judah |
| 3327 AM | 598–597 BCE | Jehoiachin (Jeconiah, Coniah) son of Jehoiakim reigns as king of Judah |
| 3327–3338 AM | 597–587 BCE | Zedekiah (Mattaniah) son of Josiah reigns as king of Judah |
| 3338 AM | 587 BCE | Kingdom of Judah falls to Babylon |
[edit] Second temple period
- 516 BC Second Temple completed by Zerubbabel under Persian rule
- 515 BC Second Temple dedicated
- 458 BC Ezra brings law to Jerusalem
- 446 BC Nehemiah inquired about the Jews and Jerusalem
- 445 BC Nehemiah stood before the king and was made governor
- 444 BC Nehemiah built the wall of Jerusalem
- 332 BC Alexander the Great conquers Israel
- 323 BC Alexander the Great dies in Babylon
- 250 BC-AD 100 Septuagint written in Alexandria over a long period of time.
- 168-165 BC Hasmonean uprising
- 80 BC Roman defeat of the Maccabees
- 65 BC Syria becomes a Roman province
- 63 BC Roman conquest of Judea
- 37-4 BC Herod the Great is ruler of Judea, appointed by Rome
[edit] Early Christianity
- See also: Early Christianity and Chronology of Jesus
- 98 BC Anna, the prophetess, wed her husband 91 years before the birth of Jesus in 7 BC
- 91 BC Anna, the prophetess, became widowed
- 7 BC Birth of Jesus.
- 5 BC God told Joseph to take Jesus and Mary and to flee into Egypt from Herod the Great. Herod the Great then slaughtered all the children 2 years old and under in around Bethlehem.
- 4 BC Herod the Great died
- 2 BC Joseph, Mary, and Jesus return from Egypt to Nazareth in Israel after the death of Herod the Great in 4 BC
- 29 AD: John the Baptist began his ministry in the "15th year of Tiberius" (Luke 3:1-2)
- 33 AD: Death and resurrection of Jesus
[edit] Common Era
- 45-95 New Testament written Bible Chronology
- 51-52 or 52-53 AD: proconsulship of Gallio according to an inscription, only fixed date in chronology of Paul[8]
- 66-73 Revolt against Rome
- 70 Destruction of the Second Temple by Titus
- 132-135 Bar Kokhba revolt
- 200 Mishnah compiled
- 300 (circa) Codex Vaticanus written
- 425 (circa) Jerusalem Talmud edited
- 550 (circa) Babylonian Talmud edited
[edit] See also
- Anno Mundi
- Chronology of the Ancient Orient
- Chronology of Babylonia and Assyria
- Dating creation
- History of ancient Israel and Judah
- Timeline of Christianity
[edit] Sources
- Mattis, Kantor, The Jewish time line encyclopedia: a year-by-year history from Creation to present, Jason Aronson Inc., Northvale, N.J., 1992
- Handbook of Biblical Chronology by Jack Finegan (Revised edition, 1998), ISBN 1-56563-143-9.
- "Biblical Chronology". Catholic Encyclopedia. (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- The Jerusalem Chronology of the Israelite Monarchies by Brad Aaronson (1989)
[edit] References
- ^ p.107, Kantor
- ^ Genesis 2:7
- ^ The Penn Commentary on Piers Plowman by Andrew Galloway page 69
- ^ Fourth Century (see 327 Eusebius of Caesarea)
- ^
Howlett, J.A. (1913). "Biblical Chronology". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. - ^ from 5194 A.M. in the Annals at CELT — University College Cork's Corpus of Electronic Texts project has the full text of the annals online, both in the original Irish and in O'Donovan's translation
- ^ The Jerusalem Chronology of the Israelite Monarchies, by Brad Aaronson (1989)
- ^ Pauline Chronology: His Life and Missionary Work, from Catholic Resources by Felix Just, S.J.
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