Chromium(III) picolinate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chromium(III) picolinate
Chromium(III) picolinate
IUPAC name Chromium(III) picolinate
Identifiers
CAS number [14639-25-9]
Properties
Molecular formula Cr(C6H4NO2)3
Molar mass 418.33 g/mol
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Chromium picolinate is the chemical compound that is sold as a nutritional supplement to prevent or treat chromium deficiency. This bright-red coordination complex is derived from chromium(III) and picolinic acid. Small quantities of chromium are needed for glucose utilization by insulin in normal health, but deficiency is extremely rare and has only been observed in hospital patients on long-term defined diets.[1] No biochemical basis for the human body's need for chromium has been identified.[2]

Contents

[edit] Health claims and debates

Some commercial organizations promote chromium picolinate as an aid to body development for athletes and as a means of losing weight. But a number of studies have failed to demonstrate an effect of chromium picolinate on either muscle growth or fat loss.[3]

There are claims that the picolinate form of chromium supplementation aids in reducing insulin resistance, particularly in diabetics, but a meta-analysis of chromium supplementation studies showed no association between chromium and glucose or insulin concentrations for non-diabetics, and inconclusive results for diabetics.[4] However, this study has been challenged on the grounds that it excluded significant results.[5] Subsequent trials gave mixed results, with one finding no effect in people with impaired glucose tolerance,[6] but another seeing a small improvement in glucose resistance.[7] In a review of these trials it was again concluded that chromium supplements had no effect on healthy people, but that there might be an improvement in glucose metabolism in diabetics, although the authors stated that the evidence for this effect remains weak.[8]

There is concern that chromium picolinate is more likely to cause DNA damage and mutation than other forms of trivalent chromium,[9] but these results are also debated.[10] Other studies indicate that chromium picolinate is safe even at very high doses.[11] In mice, chromium(III) picolinate supplementation results in skeletal defects in their offspring.[12] In fruit flies, chromium(III) picolinate supplementation generates chromosomal aberrations, impedes progeny development,[13] and causes sterility and lethal mutations.[14]

[edit] Regulation

On the basis of the results suggesting that this compound might cause cancer, the Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals of the UK Joint Food Standards and Safety Group requested in March 2003 that the supplement industry voluntarily withdraw all chromium picolinate products from sale.[15][16] A later review of the data on human toxicity by the Committee on Mutagenicity at the Food Standards and Safety Group, noted several case reports of renal failure that may have been caused by these supplements and called for further research into if this compound is toxic to humans.[17]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Review of Chromium EXPERT GROUP ON VITAMINS AND MINERALS REVIEW OF CHROMIUM, 12 August 2002
  2. ^ Stearns DM (2000). "Is chromium a trace essential metal?". Biofactors 11 (3): 149–62. PMID 10875302. 
  3. ^ Vincent J.B. (2003). "The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent". Sports Medicine 33 (3): 213–230. doi:10.2165/00007256-200333030-00004. PMID 12656641. 
  4. ^ Althuis MD, Jordan NE, Ludington EA, Wittes JT (2002). "Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76 (1): 148–155. PMID 12081828. 
  5. ^ Kalman DS (2003). "Chromium picolinate and type 2 diabetes". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78 (1): 192. PMID 12816793. 
  6. ^ Gunton JE, Cheung NW, Hitchman R, et al (2005). "Chromium supplementation does not improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or lipid profile: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of supplementation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance". Diabetes Care 28 (3): 712–3. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.712. PMID 15735214. 
  7. ^ Singer GM, Geohas J (2006). "The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial". Diabetes Technol. Ther. 8 (6): 636–43. doi:10.1089/dia.2006.8.636. PMID 17109595. 
  8. ^ Balk EM, Tatsioni A, Lichtenstein AH, Lau J, Pittas AG (2007). "Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Diabetes Care 30 (8): 2154–63. doi:10.2337/dc06-0996. PMID 17519436. 
  9. ^ Chaudhary S, Pinkston J, Rabile MM, Van Horn JD (2005). "Unusual reactivity in a commercial chromium supplement compared to baseline DNA cleavage with synthetic chromium complexes". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 99 (3): 787–794. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.12.009. PMID 15708800. 
  10. ^ Hininger I, Benaraba R, Osman M, Faure H, Marie Roussel A, Anderson RA (2007). "Safety of trivalent chromium complexes: no evidence for DNA damage in human HaCaT keratinocytes". Free Radic. Biol. Med. 42 (12): 1759–65. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.034. PMID 17512455. 
  11. ^ Anderson R, Cheng N, Bryden N, et al (1997). "Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes". Diabetes 46 (11): 1786–1791. doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.11.1786. 
  12. ^ Bailey MM, Boohaker JG, Sawyer RD, et al (2006). "Exposure of pregnant mice to chromium picolinate results in skeletal defects in their offspring". Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. 77 (3): 244–9. doi:10.1002/bdrb.20081. PMID p. 
  13. ^ Stallings DM, Hepburn DD, Hannah M, Vincent JB, O'Donnell J (2006). "Nutritional supplement chromium picolinate generates chromosomal aberrations and impedes progeny development in Drosophila melanogaster". Mutat. Res. 610 (1-2): 101–13. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.019. PMID 16887379. 
  14. ^ Hepburn DD, Xiao J, Bindom S, Vincent JB, O'Donnell J (2003). "Nutritional supplement chromium picolinate causes sterility and lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (7): 3766–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.0636646100. PMID 12649323. 
  15. ^ Vincent JB (2004). "Recent advances in the nutritional biochemistry of trivalent chromium". Proc Nutr Soc 63 (1): 41–7. doi:10.1079/PNS2003315. PMID 15070438. 
  16. ^ STATEMENT ON THE MUTAGENICITY OF TRIVALENT CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM PICOLINATE COM/04/S3 - December 2004
  17. ^ Risk assessment: Chromium Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals 2003

[edit] External links

Languages