Chewaucan River
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| Chewaucan River | |
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| Origin | Gearhart Mountain Wilderness |
| Mouth | Abert Lake |
| Length | 32 mi (51 km) |
| Source elevation | 8,364 ft (2,549 m) |
| Mouth elevation | 4,255 ft (1,297 m) |
| Basin area | 275 sq mi (710 km²) |
The Chewaucan River is part of the Great Basin drainage. It flows 32 miles (51 km) through the Fremont-Winema National Forests, Bureau of Land Management land, and private property in southern Oregon. Its watershed consists of 275 square miles (710 km²) of conifer forest, marsh, and rural pasture land. The river provides habitat for many species of wildlife including native desert redband trout.
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[edit] Course
The Chewaucan flows for 32 miles (51 km) through Lake County, Oregon. The two sources of the Chewaucan are Elder Creek and Dairy Creek. Both have their headwaters in the east drainage of the Gearhart Mountain. The Chewaucan is the result of their merger east of the Gearhart Mountain Wilderness near Dairy Point. From there, the Chewaucan flows north through the Fremont-Winema National Forests where waters from Ben Young Creek, Coffeepot Creek, Antelope Springs, Corral Creek, Dog Creek, Sage Hen Creek, Bear Creek, and Mill Creek flow into it before the river passes out of the forest near Paisley.[1][2]
The Chewaucan flows through Paisley and into what was once the Upper Chewaucan Marsh east of the town. The marsh is now pasture land, and the river’s flow through this area is controlled by a system of weirs and irrigation canals. The river is consolidated for a short distance as it leave the upper marsh at The Narrows, where two fingers of high desert uplands force the river into a single narrow channel. The river then opens into the Lower Chewaucan Marsh approximately seven miles northwest of Valley Falls. Finally, Crooked Creek joins the Chewaucan just one mile (1.6 km) before it empties into Abert Lake, which has no outlet.[2]
[edit] Watershed
The Chewaucan watershed drains 275 square miles (710 km²) of forest, marsh and rural ranch land. The upper drainage, from its headwaters until it flow out of the mountains just west of Paisley, is forest country dominated with ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and white fir with aspen groves near springs and meadows.[1][3]
Below Paisley, the river flows through the 42,000 area Chewaucan Marsh. In native condition, the marsh was probably covered with tufted hairgrass, redtop, sedges, and rushes. However, the river’s flow through this area is controlled by a system of weirs and canal that provide water to irrigate the pasture lands that have replaced the marsh. The marsh is surrounded by semi-desert country with strongly alkaline soil that support arid, alkali-tolerant plants.[4]
[edit] River habitat
In its natural state, desert redband trout moved freely from the river’s headwaters near Gearhart Mountain to the Chewaucan Marsh, which was covered with marsh grasses and still support prolific insect life. Feeding in the marsh area, the native trout often grew to thirty inches in length before returned to the Chewaucan headwaters to spawn.[5]
In the late 19th century, cattlemen turned the Chewaucan Marsh into pasture land by building a series of dams, weirs, and canals to provide irrigation. Over time, the stock of native trout dwindled. In the 1925, the Oregon Game Commission (forerunner of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife) began stocking the Chewaucan with hatchery raised trout.[5]
By 1994, the desert redband trout was being considered for protection under the Endangered Species Act. To help boost the redband population, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife stopped stocking the Chewaucan in 1998. This was a very unpopular decision in the Paisley community.[5]
Genetic testing revealed that native trout had not interbred with the hatchery fish. As a result, the native redband population began to increase more quickly than expected once the annual stocking was stopped. However, the dam and weir system still prevented fish from using the full length of the river. For any fish passing beyond the Paisley town weir, it was a one-way trip with little chance for survival in the irrigation canals and no chance to return up stream to spawn.[5]
In 1996, biologists discovered a small population of native redband trout in River's End Reservoir, a private impoundment dam collecting the Chewaucan water just before it flows into Abert Lake. This discovery proved that redband trout could repopulate the entire Chewaucan watershed, if they could get past the man-made obstacles into the upper river to spawn.[5]
The United States Forest Service and Oregon Fish and Wildlife biologist partnered with the Paisley community and local ranchers to make the entire Chewaucan a fish-friendly river once again. As a result of this cooperation, the Forest Service and Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board funded several projects to reopen the Chewaucan to migrating fish. In 2002, the Forest Service began replacing old culverts along the Chewaucan with new fish-friendly ones. In 2003, work began to replace the Paisley town weir, and four more watershed improvement projects were funded in 2004. While the Chewaucan Marsh cannot be returned to its natural state, since the completion of the Paisley weir project in 2006, large redband trout are once again passing down stream in the spring and then returning from the marsh area into the upper river. The town of Paisley now holds an annual fishing derby to celebrate the return of the river’s native redband trout population.[5][6][7]
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In addition to the fish habitat, the Chewaucan Marsh supports a diverse population of nesting ducks and sandhill cranes. It also has nesting colonies of white-faced ibis, great egrets, and snowy egrets. The area provides excellent migration staging habitat for double-crested cormorants, snow geese, tule white-fronted geese, and black-crowned night-herons.[8]
[edit] Recreation
There are several campgrounds on the Chewaucan River. The most used site is the Chewaucan Crossing campground. The campground is located along the Chewaucan River in the Fremont-Winema National Forest approximately 8.5 miles (13.7 km) southwest of Paisley on a paved access road. It has five developed campsites with picnic tables, fire gates, and restrooms. Chewaucan Crossing is the trailhead for access to the middle section of the 115-mile (185 km) long Fremont National Recreation Trail. The elevation at Chewaucan Crossing is 4,810 feet (1,470 m) above sea level. Because of harsh winters, the Forest Service normally closed the campground in November and reopens it in April.[9]
[edit] References
- ^ a b Slack, J.R., Alan M. Lumb, and Jurate Maciunas Landwehr, "Station 10384000 Chewaucan River Near Paisley, Oregon", Hydro-Climatic Data Network: Streamflow Data Set, 1874-1988 (Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4076), United States Geological Survey, 19 January 2006.
- ^ a b Chewaucan River, ACME Mapper 2.0, Geographic Names Information System, United States Geographical Survey, United States Department of Interior, Reston, Virginia, 2 May 2008.
- ^ "Gearhart Mountain Wilderness", Fremont-Winema National Forest, Department of Agriculture, Lakeview, Oregon, 2 May 2005.
- ^ Anderson, E. William, Michael M. Borman, and William C. Krueger, "High Desert Ecological Province", The Ecological Provinces of Oregon, Oregon State University, 1997.
- ^ a b c d e f Wray, Pat, "A new chapter for the Chewaucan", Oregonian, Portland, Oregon, 26 June 2006.
- ^ "Chewaucan Restoration Project (Paisley Town Weir)", Fremont-Winema National Forest, United State Forest Service, 2003.
- ^ "The Chewaucan River", Fremont-Winema National Forest, United States Forest Service, Paisley, Oregon, 2004.
- ^ Ivey, Gary L., "Oregon Closed Basin", Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife and Ducks Unlimited Inc., Lake Oswego , Oregon, 28 September 2000.
- ^ “Chewaucan Crossing Trailhead”, Fremont-Winema National Forest, United States Department of Agriculture, Lakeview, Oregon, 6 March 2007.
