Cheung Chi Keung

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Cheung Tze-Keung (Chinese: 張子強), was a notorious Hong Kong gangster also known as "the Big Spender". He was a kidnapper, robber, arms smuggler and was wanted for murder.^[1] He was best known for having masterminded the abduction of Walter Kwok and a son of property tycoon Li Ka Shing.

He was sentenced to death by a court in Guangzhou, and was executed by firing squad on 16 December 1998, aged 43.^[2]

1 Biography
- 1.1 Criminal life
  - 1.1.1 Kidnappings
- 1.2 Trial
  - 1.2.1 Legal controversies
2 Cultural influences
3 References

[edit] Biography

Cheung was born in Guangdong province, and his family came to Hong Kong when he was four years old.

He acquired the nickname "Big Spender" for his love of lavish living. Cheung created a self-image for himself of a "likeable rogue with a heart of gold", and gave his friends and strangers gifts funded from a crime spree that brought in at least $2 billion.^[2]

He was said to be a charming man with a taste for fine food and liquor. He reportedly gave away tens of thousands dollars to a young street painter when in Bangkok. Just before he was arrested, he spent a month in a luxury hotel in Shenzhen during which he showered hotel staff with tips. Even in jail, he reportedly asked wardens for bird's nest soup.^[2]

[edit] Criminal life

“

I haven't the patience to work for a living. In this world, money is the most important thing^[2]

”

Cheung partnered with Yip Kai-foon in a series of armed robberies. In 1990, he raided the Airport where he hauled a HK$30 million consignment of Rolex wristwatches.^[3]. Cheung was arrested in September 1991 and jailed for 18 months for robbing a security van at Kai Tak Airport, netting HK$167 million. However, he was acquitted and released after appeal in June 1995 when the judge ruled there was no case against Cheung as the evidence was filled with too many inconsistencies.^[2]

His associate Yip, however, was sentenced to 41 years in jail.^[2]

[edit] Kidnappings

In May 1996, he kidnapped Victor Li Tzar-kuoi, son of Li Ka Shing and July 1997, Walter Kwok, chairman of Sun Hung Kai Properties was the second high-profile kidnap victim.^[1] He reportedly reaped HK$1.38 billion in ransom money from Li Ka-shing, and HK$600 million for Walter Kwok.^[2] Cheung admitted he followed Li Ka-shing, then held him hostage in the Li's own house for three days until the ransom was paid.^[2] It was believed at the time that these ransoms would merit an entry into the Guinness Book of World Records.^[4]

Cheung's kidnappings purportedly caught the personal attention of then PRC President Jiang Zemin, who took action after a meeting with Li Ka Shing.^{[citation needed]}

Cheung fled to China in January 1998 after failing to kidnap Chief Secretary for Administration Anson Chan Fang On-sang, in retaliation for the jailing of his associate, Yip Kai-foon. Acting on a tip-off, the police discovered 818 kg of explosives in Sheung Shui in January 1998 which they attributed to a plan by Cheung to bomb government buildings.^[2] Cheung allegedly acquired 960kg of explosives in 1997 for $200,000 from a man in Macau, the stock was transported to Hong Kong and buried it in a deserted container parking area.^[5]

Cheung had already fled to Guangdong province in January 1998 under an assumed name, having allegedly bribed the police there. However, Cheung was arrested in August 1998, and his gang of 35 were rounded up by mainland police.^[3] Among his gang members were 17 Hong Kong residents and 14 mainlanders^[2] They were tried in connection with a number of crimes including the kidnapping of two SAR tycoons, who remained unnamed in the trial, (some reports suggested one victim was Victor Li).

It was reported the time of his capture, Cheung planned to kidnap Macao gambling magnate, Stanley Ho.^{[citation needed]} Cheung is known to have lost at least $200 million in the Macau casinos that Ho operated.^[2]

[edit] Trial

The trial was held in Guangzhou even though the events occurred in Hong Kong. Cheung's lawyer, and other constitutional experts, lobbied the government for the trial to be transferred to Hong Kong, but they were rejected.^[6]

The Guangzhou Municipal People's Prosecutor formally charged Cheung and his 35 followers with a series of charges relating to "cross-boundary crime including illegal possession, transporting and smuggling explosives and firearms, robbery and kidnapping".^[5] The charges, which were denied by Cheung, included the abduction in 1993 for a four million yuan ransom of a Fujian merchant who had only come forward after Cheung's arrest. The trial began on 8 October 1998.^[5] It was reported that Cheung made a full confession on the first day of the trial.^[7]

The trial was criticised by some human rights observers for its lack of transparency, as Cheung's mother and lawyer were not allowed in the courtroom, and others alleged that the PRC was holding the trial in secrecy to cover up embarrassing links that military officers had sold weaponry to Cheung.^{[citation needed]}

On 16 December 1998, Cheung was convicted and summarily executed in Guangzhou by a firing squad.

[edit] Legal controversies

The trial of a Hong Kong resident in Mainland China engendered a crisis of faith in the judicial independence of Hong Kong, explicit in the Hong Kong Basic Law that had been implemented after the United Kingdom transferred sovereignty to the People's Republic of China. Grave concerns were expressed by the Bar Association that the Mainland had no jurisdiction over crimes committed in the territory by Hong Kong residents as a matter of Mainland law; the Hong Kong public were concerned that if they commit a crime in Hong Kong, they might have to stand trial there if were arrested on the mainland.^[6] However, the Chinese Government argued that though the crimes were carried out in Hong Kong, it had been planned in China, so the PRC was entitled to exercise jurisdiction over the case. Under the Chinese Criminal Code, a Chinese national can be tried by a mainland court for crimes committed outside China if the offence warrants imprisonment of three years or more.^[7] Officials believed that although a "meagre part" of Cheung's case involved the mainland, it was right he be tried there.^[6]

Director of Public Prosecutions, Grenville Cross, said in a letter that the mainland judiciary could not return Hong Kong residents to the SAR before they had been tried for crimes allegedly committed on the mainland.^[6]Cheung's lawyer suggested there probably would have been insufficient evidence to convict his client in Hong Kong without victims' statements.^[6]

The failure of the victims to report the case to the Hong Kong Police had left them bereft of evidence to request the repatriation of Cheung. Secretary for Security Regina Ip regretted that the tycoons had reported the abductions to the PRC and not to the Hong Kong authorities. In addition, she mentioned there was no formal cross-border agreement on the transfer of offenders, but said that it would not be unprecedented to do so.^[8] Legal experts suggested that Hong Kong courts would not be able to convict in the absence of witness or victims' testimonies or other evidence, even with a full confession, as confessions can be withdrawn.^[7] There were some who maintained that the Li and Kwok families could get their revenge on Cheung since a trial in the mainland could guarantee the death penalty, whereas capital punishment is not in force in Hong Kong.^{[citation needed]}