Cheng Han
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| Sixteen Kingdoms. |
|---|
| 16 Kingdoms |
| Cheng Han |
| Han Zhao |
| Later Zhao |
| Former Liang |
| Later Liang |
| Western Liang |
| Northern Liang |
| Southern Liang |
| Former Qin |
| Later Qin |
| Western Qin |
| Former Yan |
| Later Yan |
| Northern Yan |
| Southern Yan |
| Xia |
| Not included in the 16 Kingdoms |
| Ran Wei |
| Western Shu |
| Western Yan |
| Duan |
| Yuwen |
| Chouchi |
| Wei (Dingling) |
| Dai |
| Huan Chu |
The Cheng Han (simplified Chinese: 成汉; traditional Chinese: 成漢; pinyin: Chénghàn; 303 or 304-347) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China. It represented two states, the Cheng state (成, pinyin Chéng) proclaimed in 304 by Li Xiong and the Han state (汉, pinyin Hàn) in 338 by Li Shou. Since they were both ruled by the Li family of the Di ethnicity, scholars with Chinese backgrounds often combined them into a single Cheng Han state. Western texts frequently referred to the two states separately. Whether the treatment is correct is debatable -- when Li Shou claimed the throne in 338, he did not acknowledge his throne as having been inherited from Li Xiong's line, and indeed, while continuing the worship of Li Xiong, maintained it in a separate temple. Li Shou's son Li Shi, however, acknowledged the prior emperors as his predecessors. Chenghan was the earliest establishment of the kingdoms.
All rulers of the Cheng Han declared themselves "emperors".
The commonly accepted founding year of Cheng has been 304. Nevertheless Li Te declared a new era name in 303 and self-declaration of era name has been considered by some Chinese scholars to be a symbol of a new government. At that time, however, Li Te claimed no imperial or other special titles for himself.
[edit] Rulers of the Cheng Han
| Temple names | Posthumous names | Family names and given name | Durations of reigns | Era names and their according durations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese convention: use family and given names | ||||
| Cheng 303 or 304-338 | ||||
| Shizu (始祖 pinyin Shǐzǔ) or Shizu (世祖 Shìzǔ) | Jing (景 Jǐng) | Li Te (李特 Lǐ Tè) | 303 | Jianchu (建初 Jiànchū) or Jingchu (景初 Jǐngchū) 303 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Li Liu (李流 Lǐ Liú) | several months in 303 | Did not exist |
| Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | Wu (武 Wǔ) | Li Xiong (李雄 Lǐ Xióng) | 303-334 | Jianxing (建興 Jiànxīng) 304-306 Yanping (晏平 Yànpíng) 306-311 Yuheng (玉衡 Yùhéng) 311-334 |
| Did not exist | Ai (哀 āi) | Li Ban (李班 Lǐ Bān) | 7 months in 334 | Yuheng (玉衡 Yùhéng) 7 months in 334 |
| Did not exist | Yougong (幽公 Yōugōng) | Li Qi (李期 Lǐ Qī) | 334-338 | Yuheng (玉恆 Yùhéng) 335-338 |
| Han 338-347 | ||||
| Zhongzong (中宗 zhōngzōng) | Zhaowen (昭文 Zhāowén) | Li Shou (李壽 Lǐ Shòu) | 338-343 | Hanxing (漢興 Hànxīng) 338-343 |
| Did not exist | Guiyihou (歸義侯 Guīyìhóu) | Li Shi (李勢 Lǐ Shì) | 343-347 | Taihe (太和 Tàihé) 343-346 Jianing (嘉寧 Jiàníng) 346-347 |
