Chemical weapon proliferation
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| Nation | CW Possession | Signed CWC | Ratified CWC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | Known | January 14, 1993 | May 11, 1994 |
| Burma (Myanmar) | Possible | January 13, 1993 | No |
| the People's Republic of China | Probable | January 13, 1993 | April 4, 1997 |
| Egypt | Probable | No | No |
| France | Probable | January 13, 1993 | March 2, 1995 |
| India | Known | January 14, 1993 | September 3, 1996 |
| Iran | Known | January 13, 1993 | November 3, 1997 |
| Israel | Probable | January 13, 1993 | No |
| Japan | Probable | January 13, 1993 | September 15, 1995 |
| Libya | Known | No | January 6, 2004 (acceded) |
| North Korea | Known | No | No |
| Pakistan | Probable | January 13, 1993 | October 28, 1997 |
| Russia | Known | January 13, 1993 | November 5, 1997 |
| Serbia and Montenegro |
Probable | No | April 20, 2000 (acceded) |
| Sudan | Possible | No | May 24, 1999 (acceded) |
| Syria | Known | No | No |
| Taiwan | Possible | n/a | n/a |
| United States | Known | January 13, 1993 | April 25, 1997 |
| Vietnam | Probable | January 13, 1993 | September 30, 1998 |
Despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them, many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention, which requires the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production facilities and six nations have declared stockpiles of chemical weapons. All of the declared production facilities have been destroyed or converted to civilian use after the treaty went into force. According to the United States government, at least 17 nations currently have active chemical weapons programs.
To the right is a summary of the nations that have either declared weapon stockpiles, or are suspected of secretly stockpiling or possessing CW research programs.
Contents |
[edit] Chemical weapon details, per nation
[edit] Albania
Albania, as a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention, declared in March 2003 a stockpile of 16 tons of chemical agents. On July 11, 2007, with the help of the U.S. government's Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program, the Ministry of Defence announced successful destruction of the entire stockpile.
[edit] China
According to the testimony Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research Carl W. Ford before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, it is very probable that China has an advanced chemical warfare program, including research and development, production, and weaponization capabilities. Furthermore, there is considerable concern from the U.S. regarding China's contact and sharing of chemical weapons expertise with other states of proliferation concern, including Syria and Iran.
[edit] Egypt
Egypt has not signed the Chemical Weapons Convention and has long appeared on various lists as having an offensive chemical weapons capability, and is thought to possess production facilities for sarin, VX, mustard gas, and phosgene. Additionally, it is likely that Egypt may possess limited stockpiles of chemical bombs, rockets and shells.
The reasons for this belief are several:
- Egypt is known to have employed mustard gas in the Yemeni civil war from 1963 to 1967.
- In the early 1970s, Egypt supplied Syria with mustard gas and nerve agents.
- In the 1980s, Egypt supplied Iraq with mustard gas and nerve agents, and related production and deployment technology.
In testimony before the Subcommittee on Seapower, Strategic and Critical Materials in 1991, US Navy Rear Admiral Thomas Brooks cited this evidence in identifying Egypt as a "probable" chemical weapons possessor.
[edit] Ethiopia
[edit] India
In 1997, in compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Indian government declared that it possessed a chemical weapons stockpile and opened its related facilities for inspection. Also in compliance with the CWC, it has begun to destroy its chemical weapons stockpile. [1]
[edit] Iran
Near the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Iran made limited use of chemical weapons, and since that time has been steadily building stockpiles of cyanide (cyanogen chloride), phosgene, and mustard gas. The delivery vehicles Iran possesses includes artillery shells, mortars, rockets, and aerial bombs.
According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Iran currently maintains at least two major facilities for the research and production of chemical weapon agents. Additionally, India is currently assisting Iran in the construction of another major facility at Qazvin, near Tehran, with the purpose of manufacturing phosphorus pentasulfide, a primary precursor for nerve agents. Iran began its production of nerve agents no later than 1994. Additionally, Iran is seeking aid from Chinese and Russian entities, and according to some reports[who?] China has supplied Iran with key nerve agent precursors and decontamination materials. Everybody knows that these claims are not valid without proper references.
[edit] Iraq
[edit] Israel
As of December 2004, Israel has signed but not ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention, and according to the Russian Federation Foreign Intelligence Service, Israel has significant stores of chemical weapons of its own manufacture. It possesses a highly developed chemical and petrochemical industry, skilled specialists, and stocks of source material, and is capable of producing several nerve, blister and incapacitating agents.
In 1974, in a hearing before the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee, General Almquist stated that Israel had an offensive chemical weapons capability.
In 1992, El Al Flight 1862 bound for Tel Aviv crashed outside Amsterdam. In the course of the crash investigation, it was revealed that amongst the plane's cargo was fifty gallons of dimethyl methylphosphonate, a chemical that can be used in the production of the nerve agent sarin. The dimethyl methylphosphonate was bound for the Israel Institute for Biological Research in Ness Ziona, a top secret military installation outside Tel Aviv that was also responsible for producing the poison used in a September 1997 assassination attempt on a leader of the terrorist organization Hamas (Khaled Mashal). According to Israeli officials, the substance was only for defensive research purposes, to test filters for gas masks.
The 1993 the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment WMD proliferation assessment recorded Israel as a country generally reported as having undeclared offensive chemical warfare capabilities.
In October 1998, the London Sunday Times reported that Israeli F-16 fighters were equipped to carry chemical weapons, and that their crews have been trained on the use of such weapons.
[edit] Japan
As of December 1993, Japan has signed the Chemical Weapons Convention. And Japan ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1995. But JSDF possess chemical weapons facilities and some samples for protection which it said JGSDF Central NBC protection Troop. In 1995, JGSDF admitted possession of sarin for samples.
[edit] Libya
Libya produced limited quantities of chemical weapons during the 1980s, and is known to have used such weapons in combat at least once when it attempted to use chemical weapons against Chadian troops in 1987.[citation needed]
Since then, Libya constructed what is believed to be the largest chemical weapon production facility in the developing world in the Rabta industrial complex. This facility was the cornerstone of the Libyan CW program, and has produced mustard gas, sarin, and phosgene since production began in the late 1980s. In March 1990 a suspicious fire broke out there following accusations by the United States.[1]
Strict United Nations sanctions from 1992 to 1999 rendered Rabta inactive. Libya's chemical program was completely abandoned in December 19, 2003 along with their other weapons of mass destruction programs as part of a program to get sanctions lifted and normalize relations with foreign governments. In 2004, between 27 February and 3 March, Libya destroyed 3,200 chemical weapon artillery shells under supervision of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). On March 5, 2004, Libya declared a stockpile of 23 tons of mustard gas as well as precursors for sarin and other chemicals. Libya officially acceeded to the Chemical Weapons Convention in June 2004.
[edit] Myanmar (Burma)
Intelligence regarding Myanmar's chemical weapon status is mixed, and sometimes contradictory.
In the late 1990s, US naval intelligence identified Myanmar (then referred to as Burma) as developing chemical weapons capabilities. Later, other officials contridicted that statement, claiming that the evidence supporting Burma's chemical stockpile development was primarily based upon circumstantial evidence.[2] However, in 1991, in testimony before the Subcommittee on Seapower, Strategic and Critical Materials in 1991, US Navy Rear Admiral Thomas Brooks identified Myanmar as a "probable" chemical weapons possessor.
Myanmar signed the Chemical Weapons Convention on January 13, 1993, but to date has not yet ratified the agreement.
[edit] North Korea
[edit] Pakistan
[edit] Russia
See also Russia and weapons of mass destruction
[edit] Serbia and Montenegro
The former Yugoslavia is known to have produced a variety of chemical weapons (CW). The majority of stockpiled CW is believed to have been inherited by its successor, Serbia.
Reports indicate that the former Yugoslavia's Army produced large quantities of sarin (50 tons), sulfur mustard, phosgene, the incapacitant BZ (allegedly a stockpile of 300 tons), and tear gas. At least four chemical warfare production facilities have been identified in Serbia: Prva Iskra in Baric; Miloje Blagojevic in Lucani; and Milojie Zakic and Merima in Krusevic. While the Trajal plant in Krusevic has been shut down, serious questions exist about accounting and previous production and storage of chemical materials there, as well the lack of accounting on the other three sites.
Yugoslavia used its CW technologies to develop chemical munitions for Iraq prior to the first Gulf War in the "Little Hawk" program and chemical munitions for the Orkan MLRS system under the "KOL15" program. There have been allegations that CW were used in the area of the former Yugoslavia: both Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats alleged that Bosnian government forces used chlorine during the conflict in Bosnia; Bosnian Serbs allegedly used BZ against Moslem refugees in July 1995; and the FRY Army may have used BZ against Kosovo Albanians in 1999. Mysterious deaths during the 1999 NATO bombings of suspected chemical facilities have also been attributed to CW production.
The former Yugoslavia signed the Geneva Protocol in 1929. In April 2000, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia acceded to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).
[edit] South Korea
Prior to 1997, South Korea was strongly suspected of possessing an active chemical weapons program, and was identified as a "probable" chemical weapons possessor by the United States.
On April 18, 1997, South Korea signed the Chemical Weapons Convention and made a secret declaration. It is thought that South Korea is the "state party" referred to in Chemical Weapons Convention materials. There are reports that South Korea is operating a secret facility in Yeongdong County, Chungcheongbuk-do Province for the destruction of chemical agents.
[edit] Sudan
[edit] Syria
Syria is not a signatory of the Chemical Weapons Convention or the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. It is believed Syria first received chemical weapons in 1973 from Egypt in the form of artillery shells. Since then it is thought Syria has one of the most advanced chemical weapons programs in the Middle East
Syrias Chemical Arsenal
Syria is thought to have amassed large quantities of Sarin, Tabun, Mustard and is currently weaponizing VX. Exact quantities are hard to know although the CIA has estimated Syria to possess several hundred liters of chemical weapons with hundreds of tons of agents produced annually.
Production
Syria has 4 main production sites. One just North of Damascus, one near Homs, one in Hama and one, al-Safir South East of Aleppo
[edit] Taiwan
[edit] United States
See also The United States and weapons of mass destruction
[edit] Vietnam
[edit] References
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Document 179 session 45 page 2 on 23 March 1990 (retrieved 2007-11-16)
- ^ Report of the Henry L. Stimson Center, “Chemical Weapons Proliferation Concerns”; found online at http://www.stimson.org/cbw/?SN=CB20011220137#myanmar (accessed 20 March 2008).
[edit] See also
- Weapons of mass destruction
- Chemical Weapons Convention
- Ten Threats identified by UN
[edit] Resources
- Economist. (May 2, 1997). "Chemical Weapons. Just Checking," The Economist 347, p. 42.
- Mahnaimi, Uzi (Oct., 1998). Israeli Jets Equipped For Chemical Warfare. London Sunday Times
- Monterey Institute of International Studies. (Apr 9, 2002). Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present. Retrieved Dec. 21, 2004.
- Senate Armed Services Committee, FY 1975 Authorization Hearing, Part 5, March 7, 1974
- Shoham, Dany. (1998). Chemical and Biological Weapons in Egypt. The Nonproliferation Review 5 (Spring-Summer 1998), 48–58.
- Russian Biological and Chemical Weapons, a useful page about non-state weapons transfers with a lot of links to information from CRS, the GAO and NGOs.
