Chechen language

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The Chechen language (Нохчийн мотт / Noxçiyn mott; Medieval Chechen: نوًچین موت) is spoken by more than 1.3 million people, mostly in Chechnya and by Chechen people elsewhere.

Chechen Нохчийн мотт Noxçiyn mott
Spoken in:	Chechnya
Region:	republic of Chechnya
Total speakers:	1,330,000 (Russian Census (2002), self-reported speakers)
Language family:	Northeast Caucasian Nakh Vainakh (Chechen-Ingush) Chechen
Official status
Official language in:	Chechnya
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	`ce`
ISO 639-2:	`che`
ISO 639-3:	`che`
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

1 Classification
2 Geographic distribution
- 2.1 Official status
- 2.2 Dialects
3 Sounds
- 3.1 Consonants
- 3.2 Vowels
4 Grammar
5 Alphabets
6 Vocabulary
7 History
8 References
9 External links

[edit] Classification

Chechen is one of the languages of the Caucasus. Linguistically, it is a member of the Nakh family, together with Ingush and Bats; they all belong to the Northeast Caucasian languages with only Ingush and Chechen being mutually intelligible.

[edit] Geographic distribution

According to the Russian Census in October 2002, 1,330,000 people reported being able to speak Chechen.

Ethnologue estimates the total number worldwide as about 955,000, based on 945,000 speakers in Russia (as per 1989 census), and the estimated speaker count in the Chechen diaspora in the Middle East countries, especially Jordan.^[1]

[edit] Official status

Chechen is an official language of Chechnya.

[edit] Dialects

There are a number of Chechen dialects:

Akkhiy
Chiantiy
Chiebarloy
Mialkhiy
Nokhchmakhkakhoy
Orstkhoy
Sharoy
Shuotoy
Terloy

[edit] Sounds

Some characteristics of Chechen include its wealth of consonants and sounds similar to Arabic or Salishan languages of Northern America and a large vowel system resembling Swedish or German.

[edit] Consonants

The Chechen language has, like most indigenous languages of the Caucasus, a large number of consonants: about 31 (depending on the dialect and the analysis), more than for most languages of Europe. Typical of the region, a three-way distinction between voiced, voiceless and ejective stops is found.

	Labial	Dental	Postalveolar	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m	n
Plosive	p b pʼ	t d tʼ		k g kʼ	q qʼ		ʔ
Affricate		ʦ ʦʼ	ʧ ʧʼ
Fricative	f^[2]	s z	ʃ ʒ	x ɣ		ħ	h
Rhotic		r̥ r^[3]
Approximant	ʋ	l	j

The phoneme /ʋ/ is realized as [v] before front vowels.

[edit] Vowels

Unlike most other languages of the Caucasus, Chechen has an extensive inventory of vowels and diphthongs: about 27 (depending on dialect and analysis), similar in number and phonetics to the vowel systems of the Scandinavian languages and German. None of the spelling systems used so far have distinguished the vowels with complete accuracy.

front unrounded	front rounded	central	back
i i:	y y:		u u:
e̞ e̞:	ø ø:	ə	o̞ o̞:
æ		ɑ ɑ:

[edit] Grammar

Please help improve this section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion.

Chechen nouns belong to one of several genders or classes (6), each with a specific prefix with which the verb agrees, there is extensive case marking and postpositions. The verb agrees with class/gender but not with person number, having only tense forms and participles. Chechen is an ergative language, thus the verb agrees with either its direct object or with its intransitive subject.

Nominal declensions are also extensive - the language uses 8 cases.

Chechen also presents interesting challenges for lexicography, as creating new words in the language relies on fixation of whole phrases rather than adding to the end of existing words or combining existing words. It can be difficult to decide which phrases belong in the dictionary.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Alphabets

Numerous inscriptions in the Georgian alphabet are found in Mountaineous Chechnya, however they are not surely in Chechen. Later the Arabic alphabet was introduced for Chechen language, along with Islam. It was firstly reformed during the reign of Imam Shamil and then in 1910, 1920 and 1922.

At the same time alphabet of Uslar, cosisted of Cyrillic, Latin and Georgian letters was used for academical purposes. In 1911 it was also reformed, but never gained popularity among Chechens themselves.

The Latin alphabet was introduced in 1925. It was unified with Ingush in 1934, but abolished in 1938.

A a	Ä ä	B b	C c	Č č	Ch ch	Čh čh	D d
E e	F f	G g	Gh gh	H h	I i	J j	K k
Kh kh	L l	M m	N n	N̡ n̡	O o	Ö ö	P p
Ph ph	Q q	Qh qh	R r	S s	Š š	T t	Th th
U u	Ü ü	V v	X x	X́ x́	Y y	Z z	Ž ž

In 1938-1992 only Cyrillic alphabet was used for Chechen.

Cyrillic	Name in Cyrillic	Corresponding modern Latin letter
А а	а	A a
Аь аь	аь	Ä ä
Б б	бэ	B b
В в	вэ	V v
Г г	гэ	G g
ГI гI	гIа	Ġ ġ
Д д	дэ	D d
Е е	е	E e
Ё ё	ё
Ж ж	жэ	Ƶ ƶ
З з	зэ	Z z
И и	и	I i
Й й	доца и	Y y
К к	к	K k
Кх кх	кх	Q q
Къ къ	къа	Q̇ q̇
КI кI	кIа	Kh kh
Л л	лэ	L l
М м	мэ	M m
Н н	нэ	N n
О о	о	O o
Оь оь	оь	Ö ö
П п	пэ	P p
ПI пI	пIа	Ph ph
Р р	рэ	R r
С с	сэ	S s
Т т	тэ	T t
ТI тI	тIа	Th th
У у	у	U u
Уь уь	уь	Ü ü
Ф ф	фэ	F f
Х х	хэ	X x
Хь хь	хьа	Ẋ ẋ
ХI хI	хIа	H h
Ц ц	цэ	C c
ЦI цI	цIа	Ċ ċ
Ч ч	чэ	Ç ç
ЧI чI	чIа	Ç̇ ç̇
Ш ш	шэ	Ş ş
Щ щ	щэ
(Ъ) ъ	чIогIа хьаьрк	Ə ə
(Ы) ы	ы
(Ь) ь	кIеда хьаьрк
Э э	э	E e
Ю ю	ю	yu
Юь юь	юь	yü
Я я	я	ya
Яь яь	яь	yä
I I	Iа	J j

In 1992 new Latin Chechen alphabet was introduced, but after the defeat of secessionist government, the Cyrillic alphabet was restored.

A a	Ä ä	B b	C c	Ċ ċ	Ç ç	Ç̇ ç̇	D d
E e	F f	G g	Ġ ġ	H h	X x	Ẋ ẋ	I i
J j	K k	Kh kh	L l	M m	N n	Ŋ ŋ	O o
Ö ö	P p	Ph ph	Q q	Q̇ q̇	R r	S s	Ş ş
T t	Th th	U u	Ü ü	V v	Y y	Z z	Ƶ ƶ
Ə ə

[edit] Vocabulary

There are borrowings from Russian, Turkic languages (mostly from Kumyk), Arabic, as well as some from Persian, and Georgian.

[edit] History

Before the Russian conquest, most of writing in Chechnya were Islamic texts and clan histories, written usually in Arabic but sometimes also in Chechen using Arabic script. Those texts had been largely destroyed by Soviet authorities in 1944.^[4] The Chechen literary language was created after the October Revolution, and the Latin alphabet began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the mid-1920s. In 1938, the Cyrillic alphabet was adopted, in order to tie the nation closer to Russians. With the declaration of the Chechen republic in 1992, some Chechen speakers returned to the Latin alphabet.

The Chechen diaspora in Jordan, Turkey and Syria is fluent but generally not literate in Chechen except for individuals who have made efforts to learn the writing system, and of course the Cyrillic alphabet is not generally known in these countries.

The use of this alphabet in Chechen is politically significant (as Russia prefers the use of the Cyrillic alphabet, against the separatists' preference for Latin).

[edit] References

^ Ethnologue report for language code:che
^ /f/ is found only in European loanwords
^ /r/ is a tap [ɾ] according to some sources (http://ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0405.gif) and a trill for others (Chechen-English, English-Chechen Dictionary by Nicholas Awde and Muhammad Galaev)
^ Ch_writing