Chavantes
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Chavantes is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2003 is 12,437 and the area is 188.16 km². The elevation is 563 m.
[edit] Location
Chavantes is a SW city in the SE State of São Paulo, Brazil, that borders the city of Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo to the North; Timburi and Ribeirao Claro in the Southern State of Paraná to the South, which is separated from São Paulo state by the Paranapanema River; Ipaussu to the East: and Canitar, which previously belonged to its municipality; and Ourinhos the seat of its comarca or county to the west.
[edit] Name and History
Chavantes was previously graphed "Xavantes" in honor of the Native American Xavante tribe. The name change did not happen until the 1970s, in accordance with the view of some historians that claimed that the natives of the Parapanema Valley in SE Brazil were not Xavante Indians but of the Ge and/or Tapuia nations. Chavantes with "ch" would have been spelled that way because of a railroad key ("chave" em Portuguese) that was installed by British railroad builders right before ("antes" in Portuguese, thus "Chavantes") the village, in the present district of Irapé. Others claim that, by having "Xavantes" switched to "Chavantes", it made it faster for the city to receive money from the São Paulo State budget, since Xavantes would have been last in the alphabetical list of cities.
The railroad was soon transferred further northwest with connections with Ourinhos, which despite being founded later than Chavantes, became more prominent, perhaps due to its strategic situation closer to the great Northern Paraná coffee farms. Chavantes became officially autonomous on December 4, 1922, but its exploration history goes back to the 1870s and probably before that, with the Portuguese Bandeiras settling campaigns that sought to expand Portuguese lands beyond the Tordesilhas Treaty landmark with Spanish America, while attempting to enslave the Natives in a colonialist search for precious stones. Large family of farmers eventually settled in the area, destroying entire forests to open way for farming. Today an important state road named after Raposo Tavares, a Bandeirante, passes near the town. The Bandeirantes did not find the treasures they coveted, but the region's red soil was proved to be the most fertile in the world and the subtropical to temperate weather just right for any type of plantation.
With the advent of coffee, São Paulo soon became a major producer and its main crop was named "Ouro Verde" (lit. "green gold"). As a result, Chavantes still has a social club called "Ouro Verde," previously destined to its coffee farmers elite only and where a "Queen of Coffee" pageant contest happened every year until the late 1960s. With the abolition of slavery in 1888 and an attempt of Brazil's government to "bleach" its ethnic composition which was greatly formed by descendants of enslaved Africans, the government began attracting Europeans such as Italians, Spanish, and Germans, in Western Europe, and in the East Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, and Russians by offering them lands. After those, came the Japanese, Catholic Syrian and Lebanese. Thus, the majority of the Chavantes's population is formed by Portuguese and/or African-Native Brazilians, Spanish-, Italian-, Japanese-, and Syrian-Lebanese- Brazilians.
The coffee and other crops then produced in the region, including in Northern Parana' state were shipped via the Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana railroad to the Port of Santos, Brazil's largest, and from there to Europe and Asia. The railroad also transported individuals to towns in the interior, to the state capital, São Paulo and had connections with other systems in and outside the state. It was later named FEPASA and today it is basically extinct, due to a more efficient road and truck transport system. The small Chavantes historic train station is today one of the most conserved railroad buildings in the state with its neo-barroc style facade, but the tracks had been invaded by weeds and there were plans to transform the station into a museum and educational center in the 1990s.
The town has grown considerably, comparing to the original size of the village closer to Paranapanema river. In the 1970s, during the military dictatorship, Chavantes advanced, becoming a more industrial setting, but its farmers still had great influence in various municipal matters. Francisco Faria, then the mayor, tried to modernize it, by razing the beautiful church square and building a Brasilia-style one on its place, asphalt-paving streets and avenues and the modern prefeitura or city hall. Two new state elementary, middle/high schools were also built and the São Paulo Central Electric Co. built the Xavantes dam or "usina" in the Paranapema river, which would send power to states as far as Mato Grosso.
In the 1980s and 1990's with the Cruzeiro and Cruzado currencies devaluation, the Chavantes's industrial park almost disappeared and the town may have grown in number of houses only, due to state or city housing programs. Its students who had better opportunities than their parents, moved to bigger cities with electronic technical courses or engineering and liberal arts universities. Those who chose to stay ended up working as clerks, shop owners, in farming or in the electrical or alcohol "usinas." Most of its inhabitants claim that the town has stopped in time, as progress has somehow overlooked it, but Chavantes is still proud of having one of the only suspense and historic bridges in the country, which was once detonated by states that fought São Paulo in the 1932 revolution in which São Paulo stood alone against Brazil's dictator Vargas; an electric dam, now in the hands of Duke Energy, a US company; and its fertile terra-roxa soil that now produces sugar cane, soybean and other crops and attracts migrant workers.
[edit] References
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