Charter-party

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Charter Party (Lat. charta partita, a legal paper or instrument, divided, i.e. written in duplicate so that each party retains half), a written, or partly written and partly printed, contract between merchant and shipowner, by which a ship is let or hired for the conveyance of goods on a specified voyage, or for a defined period. Also, a written contract between shipowner and charterer whereby a ship is hired; all terms, conditions and exceptions are stated in the contract or incorporated by reference.

A charter party is the contract between the owner of a vessel and the charterer for the use of a vessel. The charterer takes over the vessel for a certain amount of time or for a certain point-to-point voyage. There are two main types of charter, a voyage charter and a time charter. There is a subtype of time charter called the demise or bareboat charter.

In a voyage charter, the charterer hires the vessel for a single voyage, while the vessel's owner (or disponent owner) provides the master, crew, bunkers and supplies. In a time charter, the vessel is hired for a specific amount of time. The owner still manages the vessel but the charterer givers orders for the employment of the vessel, and may sub-charter the vessel on a time charter or voyage charter basis. The demise or bareboat charter is a time charter in which the charter takes responsibility for the crewing and maintenance of the ship during the time of the charter, assuming the legal responsibilities of the owner and is known as a disponent owner.

1 US Law
2 Typical clauses
3 External links

[edit] US Law

(Note the US regime below can also be applied into charterparties or contracts of carriage subject to the laws of other jurisdictions.)

COGSA, the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, does not apply of its own force to charter parties, but does apply to bills of lading issued to a shipper by the charterer (in the US) in conjunction with charterer's operations. As a practical matter, many charter party forms stipulate the applicability of COGSA or the Harter Act to the relations between owner and charterer. Such a stipulation is valid and enforceable even without the issuance of a bill of lading. Law suits brought for the breach of an obligation under a charter party are generally within the admiralty jurisdiction. As long as the agreement is executory, for inadequate performance the remedy is in personam which allows the plaintiff to go to state court under the "saving to suitors" clause. If, however, a charter breach creates a maritime lien, the suit is in rem, against the vessel itself, with exclusive admiralty jurisdiction.

What has been said above mostly applies to commercial operations and voyages. In pleasure boating, the most frequent charter arrangement is the bareboat charter. The voyage or time charter is only used for larger yachts and is more the exception than the rule. Charter fleets are mostly made up of boats belonging to individuals or companies who only use their boats on a part time basis or as an investment. a recent arrangement in recreational boating is the time-share chartering in which several charterers are assigned a certain number of days per month or season in a manner which resembles time-share for residential resorts.

[edit] Typical clauses

A charter-party may contain these clauses.

[edit] Bunker clause

A bunker clause stipulates that charterers shall accept and pay for all fuel oil in the vessel's bunkers at port of delivery and conversely, owner shall pay for all fuel oil in the vessel's bunkers at port of re-delivery at current price at the respective ports. It is customary to agree upon a certain minimum and maximum quantity in bunkers on re-delivery of the vessel.

[edit] Ice clause

An ice clause is inserted in a bill of lading or a charter-party when a vessel is bound for a port or ports which may be closed to shipping by ice when the vessel arrives or after the vessel's arrival.

[edit] Lighterage clause

A lighterage clause is inserted into charter-parties which show as port of discharge any safe port in a certain range, e.g. Havre/Hamburg range.

[edit] Negligence clause

A negligence clause tends to exclude shipowner's or carrier's liability for loss or damage resulting from an act, default or neglect of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation of manoeuvring of a ship, not resulting, however, from want of due diligence by the owners of the ship or any of them or by the ship's husband or manager.

[edit] Ready berth clause

A ready berth clause is inserted in a charter-party, i.e. a stipulation to the effect that laydays will begin to count as soon as the vessel has arrived at the port of loading or discharge "whether in berth or not". It protects shipowner's interests against delays which arise from ships having to wait for a berth.