Charlottenburg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charlottenburg is a locality of Berlin within the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, named after Queen Sophia Charlotte (1668-1705). It is best known for Charlottenburg Palace, the largest surviving royal palace in Berlin, and the adjacent museums.
Charlottenburg was an independent city to the west of Berlin until 1920 it was incorporated into "Groß-Berlin" (Greater Berlin) and transformed into a borough. In the course of Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was merged with the former borough of Wilmersdorf becoming a part of a new borough called Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. Later, in 2004, the new borough's districts were rearranged, dividing the former borough of Charlottenburg into the localities Westend, Charlottenburg-Nord and Charlottenburg. In addition to that, Charlottenburg features a number of popular kiezes.
Charlottenburg celebrated its 300th anniversary in 2005.
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[edit] Geography
Charlottenburg is located in Berlin's inner city, west of the Tiergarten park. Its historic core Alt Lietzow is situated near the river Spree within the Berlin-Warsaw glacial valley. The Straße des 17. Juni (17th June Street), former Charlottenburger Chaussee, which runs eastwards through the Tiergarten park to Brandenburg Gate, connects Charlottenburg with the historic centre of Berlin-Mitte. Adjacent in the south is the territory of Wilmersdorf.
[edit] History
[edit] Early settlements
On the land occupied by Charlottenburg there were three settlements in the late middle ages: the farmsteads Lietzow (pronounced leat-tsov) and Casow (pr. caasov) and a further settlement called Glienicke (pr. gleanicke). Although these names are of Slavic origin, the settlements are likely to have had a mixed Slavic and German population.
Lietzow (also called Lietze, Lutze, Lutzen, Lütze, Lützow, Lusze and Lucene) is first documented in 1239, and was in the area of the present day Alt-Lietzow Street behind the town hall. Casow laid opposite of Lietzow, on the other side of the Spree river. In 1315, Lietzow and Casow became the property of the Sankt Marien nunnery in Spandau. As a result, the Lietzow farmstead probably was expanded to a village. In the course of the Reformation, Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg confiscated the estates and dissolved the nunnery in 1558.
While Lietzow has been populated continuously, Casow and Glienicke were abandoned. From old field names it is believed that Glienicke lay in the area of the present day streets Kantstraße, Fasanenstraße, Kurfürstendamm and Uhlandstraße at the former Gliniker Lake (now dry, there's another Glienicke Lake in theWannsee locality).
The development of Lietzow is well documented. For more than four hundred years, members of the Berendt family were mayors and thus had to pay lower taxes. Ecclestiastically, Lietzow came under the pastor of Wilmersdorf, who reached it from there by the so-called 'Priesterweg' (priest's way), on the line of the streets now called Leibnizstraße, Konstanzer Straße and Brandenburgische Straße.
[edit] Charlottenburg palace
In 1695, Sophia Charlotte of Hanover received Lietzow from her husband Frederick of Prussia, in exchange for her estates in Caputh and Langerwisch, near Potsdam.
There Frederick, at this time still Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg, had a summer residence built for his wife Sophie Charlotte by the architect Johann Arnold Nering between 1695 and 1699. After Frederick became the first Prussian King in 1701 (Frederick I of Prussia), the palace was extended into a stately building with a cours d'honneur. This work was supervised by the Swedish master builder Johann Friedrich Eosander. Shortly after the death of Sophie Charlotte, the settlement facing the palace was called Charlottenburg - the palace itself Schloss Charlottenburg - and chartered as a town on April 5, 1705. The king was the town's mayor until the historic village of Lietzow was incorporated into Charlottenburg in 1720.
Frederick's successor, Frederick William I of Prussia, rarely stayed at the palace, which depressed the small town of Charlottenburg. Frederick William even tried to revoke the town's privileges. It was not until 1740, at the coronation of his successor Frederick II, that the town's significance increased, as regular celebrations were held again at the palace. The eastern New Wing was built by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff between 1740 and 1747 as Frederick the Great's residence. Later, Frederick II preferred the palace of Sanssouci, which he had partly designed himself.
When Frederick II died in 1786, his nephew Frederick William II succeeded him, and Charlottenburg became his favourite residence, as it was for his son and successor Frederick William III. After the defeat of the Prussian army at Jena in 1806, Charlottenburg was occupied by the French. Napoleon occupied the palace, while his troops made camp nearby.
[edit] Recreational and residential area
In the late 18th century, Charlottenburg's development did not depend only on the crown. The town became a recreational area for the expanding city of Berlin. Its first true inn opened in the 1770s, in the street then called Berliner Straße (now Otto-Suhr-Allee), and many other inns and beer gardens were to follow, popular for weekend parties especially. Berliners seeking leisure and entertainment came by boat, by carriage and later by horse-drawn trams, above all to a large amusement park at the shore of the Spree river called Flora, that went into bankruptcy in 1904.
From the 1860s on the wealthy Bourgeoisie of Berlin discovered Charlottenburg as a residential area, among the first was Ernst Werner von Siemens, who had a villa built in the Berliner Straße in 1862. At the same time industrial companies like the Siemens AG and Schering erected large factories in the north-east, at the border to the City of Berlin. In 1877 Charlottenburg received town privileges and until World War I saw an enormous increase of population with 100,000 inhabitants as of 1893 and a population of 306,000 in 1920, being the second largest city within the Province of Brandenburg, after Berlin.
The development was accompanied by an urban planning of broad streets and sidewalks, parks and spacious residential buildings, especially around the southern Kurfürstendamm area, which enabled large parts of Charlottenburg to preserve their affluent residential character. "The richest town of Prussia" established a Royal Technical College in 1879 (which later became the Technical University), a new town hall with a 88 m/ 289 ft tall spire on the occasion of its 200-year jubilee in 1905 and an opera house in 1912. The history of Charlottenburg as a municipality in its own right ended by the Greater Berlin Act of October 1, 1920, when the town became a part of Berlin.
[edit] Sights
Beside the palace, Charlottenburg is also home to:
- the old and new Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church on the Breitscheidplatz, built in 1895 by Franz Schwechten and in 1961 by Egon Eiermann, the fomer West Berlin landmark
- the Europa-Center, Berlin's first shopping mall opened in 1965
- Bahnhof Zoo, the main railway station in Berlin until the opening of Berlin Hauptbahnhof in 2006
- Kurfürstendamm avenue, first laid out about 1542, today together with the Tauentzienstraße Berlin's main shopping area
- Technical University of Berlin with about 27,000 students, founded in 1879
- Berlin University of the Arts with about 4,500 students
- Charlottenburg town hall, built in 1905
- Luisenkirche on Gierkeplatz, built in 1823 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel
[edit] Theatres
- Deutsche Oper Berlin on Bismarckstraße street, opened in 1912, one of the three Berlin opera houses with relief in memory of Benno Ohnesorg by Alfred Hrdlicka, 1971 (installed in 1990)
- Theater des Westens musical theatre on Kantstraße, built in 1896
- Renaissance-Theater on Hardenbergstraße, 1902, rebuilt in Art deco design by Oskar Kaufmann in 1927
- Schillertheater by Max Littmann, 1906
- Tribüne theatre, 1919
- Theater am Kurfürstendamm, 1921
[edit] Museums
- Museum Berggruen for classic modern art
- Museum Scharf-Gerstenberg for surrealist art
both located in the former Garde du Corps barracks at Charlottenburg Palace, built by Friedrich August Stüler 1859
- Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Museum for Pre- and Early History)
- Museum of Photography and Helmut Newton Foundation, next to Bahnhof Zoo
- Bröhan Museum for Art Nouveau and Art Deco
- Literaturhaus Berlin and
- Käthe Kollwitz Museum on Fasanenstraße
- Gipsformerei (Replica workshop) of the Berlin State Museums
- Beate Uhse Erotic Museum
[edit] External links
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