Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend
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Major General Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend (21 February 1861 – 18 May 1924) KCB was a British Army officer who led the ultimately disastrous first British Expedition against Baghdad during World War I, and was later elected to Parliament.
Townshend was born into a family with strong ties to the British army. He was a descendant of Field Marshal George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend (his great great grandfather), whom he wrote a book about. Educated at Sandhurst, Charles served in the Sudan Expedition of 1884, the Hunza Naga expedition in 1891, and was the garrison commander during siege of Chitral Fort in the North West territories in 1895, for which he was awarded the CB. He transferred to the British Egyptian army and again fought in the Sudan at the Battle of Omdurman in 1898 (he was awarded the DSO for his efforts).
Townshend achieved the rank of Brigadier General in 1909, and Major General in 1911. With the outbreak of World War I, he was put in command of the 6th Indian Division. This large military force was one of the best of the British Raj military units - though it was under-equipped by the standards of the regular British army. The 6th Indian was sent to Mesopotamia in early 1915.
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[edit] Mesopotamian Campaign
General Townshend was ordered by his commander, General Nixon, to advance up the Tigris river with the goal of capturing Baghdad. The advance went well initially, Amara was captured on June 3, 1915 (largely by bluff). The advance resumed three months later and Kut was captured on September 28, 1915. At this point, Townshend suggested halting but Nixon was convinced the Turks were weak and could be beaten. Townshend was ordered to continue to Baghdad.
Around November 1st, the 6th Indian left Kut and marched up the Tigris river. They reached Ctesiphon, some 25 miles south of Baghdad on November 20, 1915. Here they met a somewhat larger Ottoman force, under the new command of Baron von der Goltz. Goltz was a German field marshal who had spent 12 years re-organizing the Ottoman army in the 1880s. Called out of retirement, he had spent most of 1915 as the military advisor to the Sultan Mehmed V.
The Battle of Ctesiphon was fought over two days starting November 22, 1915. The result of the battle was a draw as both sides retreated from the field. Townshend, his division having lost 1/3 of its strength, resolved to retreat back to Kut. His forces arrived back at Kut on December 3, 1915. Baron von der Goltz, learning of the British retreat, had turned his battered army around and followed the British, arriving at Kut on December 7.
[edit] Siege of Kut
The siege of Kut was a drawn out and bitter affair for the British army. General Townshend sent reports about his supplies to his commander, General Nixon, which (in the event) proved to be false. He reported that he only had supplies for a month at full ration. Actually, his troops finally ran out of supplies near the end of April 1916, almost five months longer than he had reported. This lead the British in Basra to hastily send a relief expedition, which was defeated by the Ottoman defences (expertly directed by Baron von der Goltz).
The later relief expeditions fared little better. The British relief forces reached a point just 10 miles from Kut but repeated assaults on Turkish positions failed to dislodge the defenders. The last effort - at the end of three weeks of desperate attacks - took place on April 22, 1916, but it ended in failure. On the other side, the Ottoman commander, Baron von der Goltz, did not live to see his triumph. He died, supposedly from typhoid, on April 16, 1916.
General Townshend surrendered April 29, 1916. He himself was well treated by his Ottoman captors. He lived in comfort near Constantinople for the remainder of the war, on a small island. He was given use of a Turkish navy yacht and had receptions in his honour at the royal Turkish court. Meanwhile, many of his enlisted soldiers died in forced labour camps, while the majority of his officers likewise faced, in some cases, deplorable treatment and conditions. He was given the KCB for his command at Kut while he was a POW in 1917. At the end of the war, he was involved in the negotiations which resulted in the Turkish armistice in October 1918.
[edit] Post-war
After the war, he resigned from the army in 1920 and wrote a book My Campaign in Mesopotamia (1920). He stood as an Independent Conservative candidate in a by-election in Shropshire and was elected to a term in Parliament as Member of Parliament (MP) for The Wrekin (1920-1922). However, as reports surfaced about how badly his troops had suffered at the hands of the Turks (more than half of the soldiers who surrendered died in Turkish captivity), his reputation lost all its lustre. Military experts attacked him for not beating the Ottomans at Ctesiphon, for his passivity during the siege of Kut, and for his inaccurate reports which lead to the hasty first relief expedition. He died in disgrace in 1924.
When his will was published in 1924, Townshend's worldly wealth at the time of his death was found to have amounted to a mere £119.
[edit] Further reading
- Barker, Col. A. J. Townshend of Kut: A Biography of Major-General Sir Charles Townshend KCB DSO Cassell, 1967
- Braddon, Russell The Siege Viking Adult, 1970 ISBN 0-670-64386-6
- Dixon, Norman On the Psychology of Military Incompetence Random House, London, 1976, pp 95–110
- Townshend, Major General Sir Charles V.F. K.C.B., D.S.O. "My Campaign in Mesopotamia" London: Thornton Butterworth Ltd, 1920.
[edit] External links
- Summary Guide to Charles Townshend from the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives - downloaded January 2006.
- Biography of Charles Townshend from First World War.com - downloaded January 2006.
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Charles Frederick Palmer |
Member of Parliament for The Wrekin 1920–1922 |
Succeeded by Howard Stransom Button |
