Charles Stuart (British Army officer)

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Major-General Charles Stuart (born circa 1758 in Ireland died 31 March 1828 in Calcutta, British India) was (probably) the son of Thomas Smyth (eldest son of Charles Smyth (1694-1783), MP for Limerick, and Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas Prendergast, 1st Bt.). In his teens he went to India, where he remained for the rest of his life, embracing the Hindu culture^[1] and earning himself the name "Hindoo Stuart". Starting as a cadet he rose through the ranks till he finally became a Major General. His last command was over his own regiment the 'Saugor Field Force'.

Major V. C. P. Hodson's biography of Bengal Army officers mentions that Stuart "had studied the language, manners and customs of the natives of this country with so much enthusiasm, his intimacy with them ... obtained for him the name of Hindoo Stuart".

He is frequently mentioned in William Dalrymple's book White Mughals (2002). Stuart adopted several Hindu customs, including bathing in the Ganges at Calcutta every morning, amassing a collection of deities as well as Indian clothes. He even encouraged European ladies in India to adopt the sari (through "frequent and vigorous" contributions to the daily 'Calcutta Telegraph' in the year 1800) and Indian sepoys to wear full moustaches on parade. His commander-in-chief "ticked him off" due to his partially towards sepoys sporting "Rajput moustaches or brightly coloured caste marks on their foreheads."

He published his letters extolling the virtues of "elegant, simple, sensible, and sensual" Indian saris vis-a-vis "the prodigious structural engineering Europeon (sic) women strapped themsleves into in order to hold their bellies in, project their breasts out and allow their dresses to balloon grandly up and over towards the floor" along with some replies by "outraged" white women in a "deliciously silly volume" entitled 'The Ladies Monitor, Being A Series of Letters First published in Bengal On the Subject of Female Apparel Tending to Favour a regulated adoption of Indian Costume And a rejection of Superflous Vesture By the Ladies of this country With Incidental remarks on Hindoo Beauty, Whale-Bone Stays, Iron Busks, Indian Corsets, Man-Milliners, Idle Bachelors, Hair-Powder, Waiting Maids, And Footmen'.Some of the reasons he cites for European women to give up iron busks are: Firstly wearing iron busks makes women highly susceptible to lighting strikes (exhorting them with sentences such as "This is no laughing matter ladies for I am absolutely serious"). Secondly by discarding iron busks from their wardrobes European women would immensely enhance the supply of iron in Bengal for farmers who desperately need new wagon wheels.

Archie Baron (writer and multi award wining documentary film maker) says of him, in his book 'An India Affair',"For all this lubriciousness, Stuart should not be regarded as some dirty old man or prototype sex tourist. It was far easier to break into Muslim society than the exclusive and mysterious world of brahminical Hinduism which makes 'Hindoo Stuart' a rarity even among White Moghuls....His Hinduism was on open display to the whole of Calcutta. As far as one can tell, this does not seem to have set back his career. ."

In his book Vindication of the Hindoos (1808), he criticised the work of European missionaries in India, claiming that "Hinduism little needs the meliorating hand of Christianity to render its votaries a sufficiently correct and moral people for all the useful purposes of a civilized society". In this book he defends Hinduism from assaults by missionaries explaining: "Wherever I look around me, in the vast ocean of Hindu mythology, I discover Piety....Morality...and as far as I can rely on my judgement, it appears the most complete and ample system of Moral Allegory that the world has ever produced." Throughout this book Stuart warns of the dangers of the "obnoxious" missionaries and of attempts to convert Indians to Christianity, a process he describes as "impolitic, inexpedient, dangerous, unwise and insane." He asks "If their religion is insulted what confidence can we repose in the fidelity of our Hindu soldiers?" presaging, it is said, some of the causes of the Mutiny of 1857.

Though Stuart often spoke of his conversion to Hinduism he had not entirely rejected Christian doctrines as he held the Hindu deity Krishna to be the Spirit of God who descends upon earth for the benefit of mankind which he believed was "not very inconsistent with Christianity" and "he was content to be buried in an Anglican cemetery, albeit along with his favourite idols."

Stuart died on 31 March 1828 and is buried at the South Park Street cemetery in Calcutta, a Christian cemetery, although the grave takes the form of a Hindu temple and Stuart is buried with a number of idols.

His collection of sculptures forms the basis of the British Museum's Oriental Collection.

Major-General Charles Stuart was the uncle of the diplomat Major Robert Stuart.

[edit] References

1. ^ [http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,835407,00.html Your country needs you. And your beard] Guardian UK - November 9, 2002

1. 'An Indian Affair' by Archie Baron (2001) -Channel 4 books

[edit] Further reading

• W. Dalrymple, White Mughals (2002)
• V. C. P. Hodson (Major), List of Officers of the Bengal Army, 1758-1834, Part IV (1947)