Charles De Wailly
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Charles De Wailly[1] (Paris November 9, 1730 — Paris November 2, 1798) was a French architect and urbanist, and furniture designer, one of the principals in the Neoclassical revival of the Antique. His major work was the Théâtre de l'Odéon for the Comédie-Française (1779-82). In his designs, De Wailly showed a predilection for the perfect figure, the circle.
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[edit] Biography
Starting in 1749, De Wailly was the pupil of Jacques-François Blondel at l'École des Arts, where he met William Chambers and had as a schoolmate Marie-Joseph Peyre; later he studied with Giovanni Niccolo Servandoni and with Jean-Laurent Le Geay. After having obtained the Prix de Rome for architecture in 1752 he went to the French Academy in Rome for three years until 1755, sharing his prize with his friend Pierre-Louis Moreau-Desproux. Both participated in the excavations at the Baths of Diocletian. In Rome, De Wailly founded a friendship with the sculptor Augustin Pajou, who was to carve his bust and that of his wife and for whom, in 1776, he would build a house adjoining his own, in Paris.
On his return to Paris De Wailly showed his mastery of the earliest version of neoclassicism, being called the "Goût grec", by exhibiting a table with a lapis lazuli top and gilt-bronze mounts and a granite vase in the "goût antique" at the Salon of 1761; they were designed to be manifestos of a new taste, as the squib inserted in the Mercure de France states, in a "very noble style, far removed from the frippery manner ("air de colifichet") which has reigned so long in our furnishings" (Eriksen 1974:274)
In 1767, De Wailly was accepted as a member of the first class of the Royal Académie d'architecture and, in 1771, of the Académie royale de Peinture et de Sculpture. His reputation abroad grew through engravings of his works; he became particularly popular in Russia, where his disciples included Vasily Bazhenov, Ivan Starov, and Andrey Voronikhin. Catherine the Great offered him a high post in the Imperial Academy of Arts, which he refused.
In 1772, he was named site architect of the Château de Fontainebleau, jointly with Marie-Joseph Peyre. The following year, he was authorized to leave for a long stay in Genoa, to redecorate the seventeenth-century palace of Cristoforo Spinola in the Strada Nuova,[2] working in tandem with Andrea Tagliafichi: the building was badly damaged in 1942. He was to return on several occasions to work in Italy.
Noticed by the Marquis de Marigny, brother of Mme de Pompadour and general director of the Bâtiments du Roi, De Wailly worked in the park of Marigny's Château de Menars and, thanks to his support, managed to obtain the commission of a new theatre for the Comédie-Française. In 1779, De Wailly and Peyre built their most famous work, the theatre of Odéon in Paris (see below). De Wailly also designed a project for the Opéra comique.
In 1795, he was elected to the Académie des Beaux-Arts - 3rd section (architecture), fauteuil V. With his death, Jean Chalgrin succeeded to his seat. He became conservator of the museum of painting in 1795 and was sent to Holland and Belgium to select works of art after the annexation of these countries.
He married Adélaïde Flore Belleville who, after his death, remarried in 1800 to the chemist Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy who was the brother of lexicographer Noël François de Wailly.
[edit] Works
[edit] France
- Hôtel d'Argenson (also called the Hôtel de la chancellerie d'Orléans), near the Palais Royal in Paris (destroyed in 1923): interior installations carried out for the Comte d' Argenson[3] (1762-1770).
- Transformation of the Château des Ormes in Ormes (Vienne) for the comte d'Argenson.
- Château de Montmusard near Dijon (Côte d'Or) (1765-1768): main architectural work of the Goût Grec in France, unfortunately mainly destroyed as of 1795.
- Maison 57 rue La Boétie in Paris, constructed by De Wailly for himself (1776).
- Maison 87 rue de la Pépinière, today rue La Boétie, for the sculptor Augustin Pajou.
- Decoration of the chapel of the Virgin in Saint-Sulpice (1774-1777).
- Temple des Arts at the Château de Menars (Loir-et-Cher) for the marquis de Marigny. De Wailly also provided and project for a Temple du Repos for the park at Ménars, which was not executed.
- Théâtre de l'Odéon (1779-1782) : From 1767, on commission from Marigny, Directeur des Bâtiments du Roi, Marie-Joseph Peyre and De Wailly worked on the project for the new auditorium for the Théâtre-Français. The 26 March 1770, an order in council authorized the execution of the project on the grounds of the garden of the hôtel of the prince de Condé, who expected to be rid of the property in expectations of setting up in the Palais-Bourbon. De Wailly was the protégé of Marigny and Peyre the architect of the Condé, a friend of De Wailly since their days as pensionnaires in Rome. The project, revised more than once, had to undergo the approval both of the architects from the royal department in charge of fêtes and other entertainments, the Menus Plaisirs, Denis-Claude Liégeon et Jean Damun, who were backed by the members of the Comédie and also by the City of Paris, represented by its architect, Pierre-Louis Moreau-Desproux. In the outcome, and thanks to the protection of Monsieur, brother of the King, the plans of Peyre and De Wailly finally won the day in the autumn of 1778. Works began in May 1779. Peyre would be principally responsible for the exterior and De Wailly for the interiors. On 16 February 1782, the troup of the Comédie-Française were established in their own precincts. The theatre was inaugurated by Marie Antoinette, 9 April 1782. [4]
- De Wailly gave an overall plan for the construction of the district around the new theatre, alloting a Cartesian plan. The buildings however were not carried out until a long time after the completion of the theatre, towards 1794.
- At the Église Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles, Rue Saint-Denis in Paris: De Wailly created a choir for the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, and an underground crypt decorated in an original Doric order.
- Project for embellishment of the town of Paris (1789): this first plan for remanagement acts to foreground the overall refitting of the capital, with creating new passageways, reuniting the îles de la Cité and Saint-Louis, correction of the course of the Seine, etc.[1]
- Plan of new Port-Vendres.
- Chapelle du Reposoir, Versailles.
[edit] Belgium
- Small theatre of the château de Seneffe à Seneffe (1779).
- Vaux-Hall (today: Cercle Royal Gaulois), Bruxelles (1782).
- Théâtre royal du Parc, Bruxelles (1783).
- Renovation of La Monnaie, Bruxelles (1785).
- Château royal de Laeken.
[edit] Germany
- Reorganisation of Kassel city center.
[edit] Russia
- Palais Sheremetev in Kuskovo.
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- (French) Notice sur le château de Montmusard
[edit] Bibliography
- D. Rabreau et M. Mosser, Charles De Wailly (1730-1798), peintre-architecte dans l'Europe des Lumières, Paris, Caisse nationale des monuments historiques et des sites, 1979.
- Svend Eriksen, Early Neo-Classicism in France. (London: Faber). Translated by Peter thornton.
[edit] Notes
- ^ The De in the name De Wailly is not a nobiliary particle but finds its origin in the Flemish definite article der. It is thus advisable to say De Wailly and not Wailly and to alphabetise it consequently under D.
- ^ An elevation of the salone, dated 1773, is in the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris.
- ^ Son of Marc-Pierre de Voyer de Paulmy, comte d'Argenson (1696-1764). According to certain authors the patron would have been the marquis Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1722-1787).
- ^ Théâtre de l'Odéon in the Structurae database
