Chamar

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Chamar ("tanner"; from the Sanskrit Charmakara) is a prominent occupational Dalit caste in India. Chamar is an occupational caste. It is related to profession only, same as farmer is not a caste but a profession.

Chamar is a Dalit sub-caste mainly found in the northern states, such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; the traditional occupation is leather-working and tanning.

Chamars are the second-largest caste in India and are quite politically active. They are rather influential among scheduled castes. Traditionally, their social status was very inferior, but it is not so nowadays, due to reservations.

[edit] Background and Origin

The isolated tanning work has started since the ages and anyone interested in this work used to do this irrespective of low or high status. The origin of Chamars as a group goes back to the era of nomadic tribal living and came into existence with the outcome of inter tribal wars. Tribes used to own only cattle as property and cattle being nomadic they were too. Slowly as the time passed few tribes learnt the art of cultivation and now they owned another property as crop and they started settling down, though not all the tribes settled down at once, this was a slow process. The tribes used to be a group of one family, clan or cliques and generally they share the same family name called Totem or Gotra. These tribes used to fight with each other due to numerous reasons and there were four important reasons of their fight with each other. First being that the tribal men used to send their cattle to graze in other tribes area, second being they used to steal others crop, third being getting away with the other tribes cattle and the most important being they used to pick up other tribes woman forcibly. In the war it was usual that one being victorious and the other being looser. In the looser tribe few of them were being killed in the fight, some of them were being made as prisoners of war (those being forced to do the dirtiest work and cleaning of their places), and some of them who saved their lives from the war, were broken from the original tribe and were used to be called Broken Men. The tribes earlier used to live in their marked areas and when they grew in numbers these areas taken shapes of older villages. After the war these broken men used to go to other settled tribes for shelter and food then the settled tribes used to make an agreement with the broken men on number of points that they had to do lots of chores for them including peeling out of the skins of the dead animal and security work in lieu of shelter and food. The settled tribe used to give temporary land on the outskirts of their main area (village) for security reasons being having no past references about them. This is how the broken men turned into the Chamars.

Chamars does not belong to any one particular group, clan or area; they are from all different religions and areas. Tanning being profession, they could be from the original tribes who were living in India even before the Aryan Invasion and they were also Aryans who came from the middle east and settle in north west India with their original tribes. India being shut out from the rest of the world by the mountains and the sea, there grew up a division of labor which gradually crystallized into the caste system, elaborate schemes of religious philosophy were built up by the sages; the trades were fenced round with religious sanctions, so that for a man to follow his fathers calling was made sacred duty, a thing to which he was born, and which, as his fate, he must perforce accept.

Presently most of the Harijan Basties (Place of their living) are on the west side of the villages in the North Western India, reason being all the attacks were being made from the west side of India since ancient times and Broken Men had to provide security to the main villages. And also in North/Western India people share the same family names irrespective of their caste, clan or groups. From this it is very clear that the Chamars are not separate human beings but they are just the same men from different families sharing the same Gotras.

Chamars are an occupational caste, so their population consists of a mixture of local castes of the region. Chamars of Kashmir are very light-skinned, while those in Punjab look like typical Punjabis.

The majority of Chamars follow Sikhism and believing Guru Ravidas to be their Satguru. They are called Ravidassia. However, there are also Muslim and Buddhist Chamars.

[edit] Chamars in the Punjab

The most politically and socially influential Chamars are from the state of Punjab, where they form 11% of the population with Dalits comprising 27% of the population. In the Punjab they are divided into various groups, such as Ad-Dharm, Ramdasias and Ravidassia. In Majha area they share the same Gotras as Brahmins, in Doaba and Malwa they share the family names with Jats. Where as in Malwa most of the Chamars turned to Sikhism and in Doaba region most of them did not opted for Sikhism. In Majha they are being called Arya (Aryan) and Ravidasia, in Doaba they are being called Adi -Dharmi and in Malwa they are called Ramdasia Sikhs. They are highly concentrated in the Doaba region of Punjab. In Malwa Region Chamars have a faith in Sikhisim.

[edit] Jatavs

The Jatavs are an endogamous caste of the Chamar, or leather worker, category of castes in India.Some say the name "Jatav" is derived from the word jat (camel driver), while others say it is derived from "Jat," the name of a non-Untouchable farming caste. Many Jatavs themselves say it is derived from the term "Yadav," the lineage of Lord Krishna. They are also known as a Scheduled Caste because, as Untouchables, they are included on a schedule of castes eligible for government aid. Mahatma Gandhi gave to Untouchables the name "Harijans" or "children of god," but Jatavs reject the term and its connotations of Untouchable childlikeness and upper-caste paternalism. Jatavs live mostly in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab, as well as in the Union Territory of Delhi in northwest India. Jatavs are not listed separately in the census of India but along with other Chamars. In the four states mentioned above Chamars numbered 27,868,146, about 9.9 percent of the those states' population (1981). Jatavs speak related languages of the Indo-Aryan Family of languages including Hindi, Rajasthani, and Braj Bhasha, all using the Devanagari script, as well as Punjabi using the Gurmukhi script. Chamars in other parts of India speak other languages of the Indo-Aryan Family and languages of the unrelated Dravidian Family, such as Tamil and Telugu.

Origins of the Jatavs, as well as most other Chamar and Untouchable castes, are mythical. Some say the Jatavs are the product of marriage of upper-caste Jats with Chamar women. Jatavs themselves deny such origins. In preindependent India they claimed upper-caste Kshatriya or warrior origin. In post-independent India many have claimed to be descendants of India's ancient Buddhists. This claim is in part a rejection of Untouchable status and in part an assertion of a political identity of equality rejecting the caste system.

In preindependent India Jatavs gained considerable political expertise by forming associations and by developing a literate cadre of leaders. They tried to change their position in the caste system through "Sanskritization," the emulation of upper-caste behavior. Jatavs claimed Kshatriya or warrior-class origin and rank, and they organized caste associations to reform caste behavior and lobby for their claims. After independence India legally abolished the practice of untouchability, established the universal franchise, and developed the policy of "protective discrimination." That policy reserves electoral constituencies for Scheduled Caste candidates according to their percentages of population in the nation and the states; it does likewise for jobs in the national and state civil services; and it offers educational benefits to them. Jatavs have taken advantage of that policy and turned to active participation in India's parliamentary system of government. At times they have elected members of their caste to various state and national legislatures. In villages they have been less successful at influencing local political institutions and capturing funds meant for developmental projects. A major influence upon Jatavs was the Untouchable leader Dr. B. R. Ambedkar (d. 1956) who encouraged Untouchables to fight for their rights, and, as first minister for law in India, provided a powerful role model. Through their political efforts his statue and picture may be found in public parks and bus stations, symbolically asserting their quest for equal citizenship in the nation. In general, Jatavs and other Chamars are Hindus. They reject, however, the Hindu teaching that makes them Untouchables, as well as the Brahman priests who wrote the sacred texts so defining them. Most major Hindu festivals, particularly Holi, are observed, as are major life-cycle ceremonies. In postindependent India Jatavs may enter major Hindu temples and visit pilgrimage spots. Some Chamars are devotees of the Chamar saint Ravi Das. A number of Jatavs have followed Dr. Ambedkar and converted to Buddhism as a rejection of the caste system and as an assertion of the equality of all individuals. Buddhism for them is a political ideology in religious form. Ambedkar himself has been apotheosized as a bodhisattva; his birthday is the major public Jatav festival. Belief is in the major deities of Hinduism, especially in their localized forms. The Buddha and Dr. Ambedkar have become part of the pantheon. Ghosts of those who died before their time (bhut) and other spirits are believed to be able to possess or harm living people; fear of the evil eye is also widespread.

Bibliography -Briggs, George W. (1920). The Chamars. Calcutta: Association Press. -Cohn, Bernard (1954). "The Camars of Senapur: A Study of the Changing Status of a Depressed Caste." Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University. -Lynch, Owen M. (1969). The Politics of Untouchability: Social Mobility and Social Change in a City of India. New York: Columbia University Press. -Lynch, Owen M. (1981). "Rioting as Rational Action: An Interpretation of the April 1978 Riots in Agra." Economic and Political Weekly 16:1951-1956.

[edit] Raigars

The Raigar, Raiger, Ranger, Regar or Rangar, spelt in various forms, are a community of leather tanners in the Union Territory of Delhi. They are also known as Raidas, Jatia, Rangya and Bota. The word Raiger is a corrupt form of Raingaya, i.e. those who engage themselves in leather tanning. Those who immigrated to Delhi from Rajasthan claim Rajput ancestry. They converse among themselves in Marwari and use the Devanagari script for writing. With others, they speak in the Hindi language. They are non-vegetarians. Wheat is their staple diet. Occasionally they also take jao, bajara, chana and rice. There is a tendency among some of them to become vegetarians under the influence of the Arya Samaj or Radha Soami movements. There are three subgroups, namely Sindhi Raiger, Lashkaria Raiger and Raigar. Marriages take place among all the three. These subgroups are further divided into a number of clans (gotras), such as Bandarwal, Dhuriya, Jajoria, Kankheria, Rachoiya, Mauria, Jaggarwal, Atolia, Jaluthria, Dotania, Vohra, Mehra, Heria, Rathor, Tongaria, etc.

[edit] Recent history

The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) is one of the most powerful political parties of India. It was founded by Sir Kanshi Ram and is led today by Ms. Mayawati Kumari, a Chamar. The BSP was created and is dominated by the Chamars but nowadays also includes Brahmins.

Due to the influence of Sikhism and the preference of the British for Sikh soldiers, many Chamar Sikhs were able to serve in the military and thus improve their social and economic status.

There is a large population of Punjabi Chamars in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. There is also a large workforce in the Middle East, and immigration to other European countries as well as Australia is increasing.

[edit] Sikh Light Infantry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry

One of the most decorated regiments of the Indian Army is the Sikh Light Infantry, which is composed mostly of Chamar and Mazhabi Sikhs.

The Sikh Light Infantry finds its origins in the Sikh Pioneers raised in 1857. Sikh Pioneers were used in various military campaigns in India and abroad, and highly regarded for their determined resolve to complete the assigned tasks against all opposition. The Sikh Pioneers were later merged into the Sappers and Miners. World War-II and its need for additional troops saw the rise of Mazhabi and Ramdasia Sikhs as a regiment in 1941. The designation was changed to the Sikh Light Infantry in 1944.

In view of its linkages with the Pioneers, the Sikh Light Infantry received its earlier seniority after the Sikh Regiment. The Sikh Light Infantry draws its man power from the Mazhabi and Ramdasia elements amongst the Sikhs. They had long formed part of the armies of the Sikhs' Tenth Guru and in later Khalsa armies. The regiment has produced one Army Chief, General Ved Prakash Malik (10th Sikh LI).

[edit] The Chamar Regiment

During World War II, the Chamar Regiment was created and was involved on the Japanese front. The Chamar Regiment was disbanded after the war. Former Pakistani Leader Ayub Khan was an officer of the Chamar Regiment.

[edit] Ad-Dharm Movement of Punjab and Ghadri Baba Babu Mangoo Ram Mugowalia

Babu Mangoo Ram Mugowalia (1886–1980), whose death anniversary falls on April 22, 2008 , was the pioneer of the anti-untouchability movement in colonial Punjab . A former Gadharite, who spent the formative years of his prime youth fighting against the mighty British imperialism in foreign lands, after reaching his native village made himself busy in organizing a unique battle against the centuries old Hindu system of birth-based social exclusion. He founded Ad Dharm movement for the emancipation and empowerment of his people. He organised all the ex-untouchable castes falling under the then category of the Depressed Classes in Punjab and reminded them of their rich heritage when they used to be the masters of this land. He told them how they were reduced into worse than slaves in their own land by the alien Brahmins who brought with them their sick social system called caste and started them whipping with the whip of untouchability. He told his people that for us the real battle is the battle against the Chaturvarna system of Brahminical Hinduism.

He openly declared that Scheduled Castes are neither Hindu nor Sikh. They are also neither Muslim nor Christian. They are the original inhabitants of this ancient land called Bharat. Their real religion (Ad Dharm) was much older than Hinduism, Christianity, Islam and Sikhism. All these religion born after Ad Dharm religion of the original inhabitants of India . He said that the Hindus did not only subjugate them but also made their religion oblivious; and thus made the ex-untouchables their slaves. He said that our real freedom will be to liberate ourselves not only from the British rulers but also from Brahmanism. He got special right from the Britishers by adding Ad Dharm to the Census list as a separate religion of the Depressed Classes in Punjab in 1931. A great victory of the Dalits indeed! Babu Ji also became the pioneer of seeking political power as a key to all the problems of the community. In 1937, his Ad Dharm won 7 out of all the 8 reserved seats in Punjab .

Babu Mangoo Ram Mugowalia's movement was not only confined to Punjab . He stood like a rock with Dr. Ambedkar. During Dr. Ambedkar's fight with Gandhi at the Roundtable Conferences in London (1930-32) Babu Ji sent telegrams in support of the former as the leader of the untouchables in India against the latter (Gandhi). In 1946, Babu Mangoo Ram Mugowalia was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly and remained in legislature till 1952.

He was very clear in his understanding that the real emancipation of the ex-untouchables lies in their efforts to revive their own indigenous religion (Ad Dharm), and in worshipping their own Gurus (Guru Namdev Ji, Guru Ravidass Ji Maharaj, Guru Valmiki Ji Maharaj, Guru Kabir Ji Maharaj). No other religion can liberate the Dalits from the quagmire in which they have been straddled for centuries except their own original religion "Ad Dharm".

[edit] Few of them

• Bhagat Ravidas - Contributed 40 shabads (hymns) and one Shalok (verse) to the Sikh Holy book.
• Naveen Andrews - Television and film actor
• Babu Mangu Ram Muggowalia - founder of Ad-Dharam movement
• Jagjivan Ram - Deputy Prime Minister of India
• Chowdhry Girdhari lal - MP 1912-1985
• Ch Bihari Lal - Gen Sec Distt congress committee Dehra Dun (before independence)
• (19**-2006) Budh Priye Morya (B.P. Morya)-Ex-Union State Minister
• Kumari Selja - Minister of State (Independent Charge) Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Govt. of India
• Dev Diwana- Punjabi film Writer/Director/Actor
• Meira Kumar - Social Justice Minister and Member of Parliament (India)
• Kanshi Ram - Founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party (founded on 14 April 1984, On Lal Quila,Delhi)
• Mayawati Kumari - President of Bahujan Samaj Party and Chief Minister UP
• Phool Chand Mullana - President, Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee. Former Education Minister Haryana, India
• Samsher Singh Doolan - President of the Congress Party
• Chaudhary Jagjit Singh - A prominent Politician in the Doaba district of Punjab
• Charanjit Singh Atwal-Depty Speaker of Lok Sabha
• Palwankar Baloo - Cricketer and Social Activist, member of Hindu Mahasabha
• Amar Arshi - Punjabi Singer
• Lal Chand Yamla Jatt - Punjabi Singer
• Gurmeet Kaur Bawa-Famous Punjabi Singer
• Chamkila - Punjabi Singer
• Miss Pooja - Famous Punjabi singer
• Sudesh Kumari - Famous Punjabi singer
• Hans Raj Hans - Famous Punjabi singer
• Kuldip Rasila - Famous Punjabi singer
• Amrita Virk - Famous Punjabi singer
• Kaler Kanth - Famous Punjabi Singer
• Amar Arshi - Famous Punjabi Singer
• Lakhwinder Lucky-Famous Punjabi Singer
• Ranjit Mani-Famous Punjabi Singer
• Surinder Heera - Famous Punjabi Singer
• Bhujangy Group & Anari Sangeet - First UK Bhangra bands (70's)
• Sant Ram Udassi - Punjabi Poet
• Bhulla Ram Chann - Punjabi Poet
• Charan Singh Safri - Punjabi Poet
• Dev Jassal - Punjabi Poet
• Gurkamal Singh Kandhola - Fought legal battle against caste discrimination
• Sushil Kumar Shinde - (1941- )Indian Minister of power , former Chief Minister of Maharashtra
• Kailash Kher - Famous Singer
• Baba Ruda Ram
• Naomi Rabidas - Fastest runner for girls under-15 UK
• Ajoy Kumar - IPS West Bengal
• B L Meharda - Retd. IAS Rajasthan
• Ravi P Meherda - IPS Rajasthan
• Dr Sanjiwani Meherda - OB/GYN Doctor, USA & Founder KnM Services
• Amit Meherda - Famous Business Personality, Rajasthan
• Soniya Meherda - Famous Dancer from Rajasthan
• Anuj Kumar - IT Manager
• Ravindra Prakash - Manager
• Harshla Meherda - All India IPS Wives' association active Members
• Ashok tanwar- all india youth congress president
• Dalawer Singh Bagha - Famous for Community Work
• Choudhari Prem Singh- President Delhi vidhan sabha
• Laxman singh - Student leader of smazwadi party
• Manju rani -Famous interior designer
• Harinder Singh Khalsa - Ex Ambessdor Norway, Ex M.P Rajya Sabha, Ex Member of SC/ST commission
• Giani Ditt Singh Ji - Famous Sikh Writer and Social Worker
• Shaeed Baba Madan Singh Ji Ramdassia - Martyar in the Battle of Chamakaur Sahib
• Baba Rajinder Singh Ghuman- Kar Sewa Wale, Consruct the buildings of Ravidass Gurudwaras in Malwa Region
• Balvir Boparai -Famous Punjabi Singer
• Manjeet Rupoowalia -Famous Punjabi Singer
• S.Bikramjeet Singh Khalsa- M.L.A. Khanna
• S Isher Singh Meharban -M.L.A. Koom Kalan
• S.Darshan Singh Shivalik-M.L.A. Mullanpur Dakha
• S.Malkeet Singh Dakha-Ex M.L.A.Mullanpur Dakha, Ex Minister
• S.Sarwan Singh- M.L.A. Phillaur
• Avinash Chander-M.L.A. Kartarpur
• Late S. Basant Singh Khalsa-Ex M.P. Ex Minister
• Dr.Harchand Singh-Dentist,Seattle U.S.A
• Ram Sanjiwan- IAS(Rtd)From UNNA District
• Rakesh Kumar Ae- State engg. services UTTAR PRADESH. From Ambedkar nagar vill. Mauharia
• Mohinder Singh K.P.-Ex M.L.A.,Ex Minister
• Parminder Sandhu-Famous Punjabi Singer and Punjabi Film Actress
• Seth Satpal Mall- Famous Bussiness Personality in the Field of Leather Industry
• Surinder Mahey- Ex Mayor of Jallandhar
• Chaudhary Santok Singh- Ex M.L.A Phillaur, Ex Minister
• Beant Singh Khalsa-Kill Indian Prime Minister Indra Gandhi and take the Revenge of Attack on Shri Akal Takhat Sahib and Golden Temple
• Sahota U.K.- Famous Music Group
• Satnam Singh Kainth-Ex M.P.
• Pushkar - Sub editor magazine "Muse of Murmur"
• Lahori Ram- Economic Devolpment Commisioner, California
• Loknayak Chaudhary Bhala Ram Mathur- Ex M.L.A(HARYANA) &Famous Social Worker,Termed as ,"LOKNAYAK"

[edit] Ravidass Gurudwaras and Temples

[edit] Australia

• Melbourne - Gurudwara Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha Aust Inc., 24 Malcolm Palace, Campbellfield, MELBOURNE

[edit] United Kingdom

• ENGLAND

• Bedford - Shri Guru Ravidass Bhawan, Guru Ravidass Lane, Off Ashburnham Lane, Bedford
• Bilston - Sant Dera Baba Gobind Dass Temple (Ravidass), 95 Wellington Road, Bilston
• Birmingham - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, Union Row, Handsworth, Birmingham
• Bradford - Gurudwara Shri Guru Ravidass Bhavan, 8 Breaton Street, Bradford
• Coventry - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple (1), 19 Jesmond Road, Coventry
• Coventry - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple (2), 475 Foleshill Road, Folesshill, Coventry
• Darlaston - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, 37-38 Pinford Street, Darlaston
• Derby - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Duncan Road, Derby
• Erith - Shri Guru Ravidass Bhawan, 57 Battle Road, Erith, Kent
• Gravesend - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Brandon Street, Gravesend, Kent
• Hitchin - Shri Guru Ravidass Community Centre, 2 Knowlpiece, Hitchin
• Leicester - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, 196 Harrison Road, Leicester
• Letchworth - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 167 Glebe Road, Letchworth
• Luton - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 31A Cardigan Street, Luton
• Newham - Shri Guru Ravidass Bhawan, 28 Carlyle Road, Manor Park, London
• Southall - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 282 Western Road, Southall
• Southampton - Shri Guru Ravidass Bhawan, 130 Northumberland Road, Southampton
• Strood - Shri Guru Ravidass Bhawan, 1 Viarage Road, Strood, Kent
• Walsall - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 186 Stafford Road, Walsall
• Willenhall - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 13 Somerford Road, Willenhall
• Wolverhampton - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 181 Dudley Road, Wolverhampton

• SCOTLAND

• Glasgow - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha , 251 Nithdele Road , Pollockshield , Glasgow

[edit] Canada

• Brampton - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, 86 Newport Street, Brampton, ON
• Calgary - Guru Ravidass Community Centre, 1835 40 Street SE, Calgary
• Montreal - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, 8205 Duroucher, Montreal
• Toronto - Gurdwara Ravidass Sikh Temple, 2284 Queensway Dr, Burlington, ON
• West Toronto - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, 6795 Steels Avenue, West Toronto, ON
• Vancouver - Gurudwara Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 7271 Gilley Avenue, Burnaby, BC

[edit] New Zealand

• Auckland - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Bombay Hills

[edit] Fiji

• Nasinu Suva - Gurudwara Ravidass

[edit] United States

• Bay Area - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 5785 Robertson Avenue, Newark, California
• Fresno - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha Central Valley, 5025 S. Cherry Avenue, Fresno, California
• Houston - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, 7902 Boone Road, Houston, Texas
• New York - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, 6001 Broadway, New York, New York
• Pittsburgh - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 2150 Crestview Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
• Sacramento - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, Sacramento, California
• Seattle - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Seattle, Washington
• Selma - Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 2650 Baline Avenue, Selma, California
• Yuba City - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, 2269 Bouge Road, Yuba City, California

[edit] Italy

• Bergamo - Gurudwara Shri Guru Ravidass Darbar
• Vernon - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple
• Vicenza - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple

[edit] France

• Paris - Gurudwara Shri Guru Ravidass Sabha, 97 Rue Anatole, Lacournehve, France

[edit] Netherlands

• Amsterdam - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Brink-1B 1097 TT, Amsterdam
• The Hague - Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, DlfeseLaan 105, 2512 RC, The Hague

[edit] Related websites

http://www.ambedkartimes.com

http://www.chamar.org.uk/index.html

http://shrigururavidasji.com

http://www.ravidasialondon.org

http://www.ravidassia.co.uk

http://www.gururavidass.org.uk

http://www.gururavidassji.org.uk

http://www.ravidassia.org

http://www.sgrds.org

http://www.kanshiradio.com

http://www.gururavidassny.com

http://www.gururavidasssabha.org

http://www.gururavidasssabha.com

http://www.gururavidassgurdwara.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/

http://shrigururavissgurdwaragravesend.webs.com/index.htm

http://www.sachkhandballan.org

http://www.begumpura.com

http://www.begumpura.org

http://www.satgururavidassdham.com

http://www.freewebs.com/shrigururavidassji

http://www.freeewebs.com/gururavidas

http://www.freewebs.com/sgrt-holland

[edit] See also

• Backward-caste Hindu saints

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