Chalcocite

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Chalcocite

General
Category	Mineral
Chemical formula	copper(I) sulfide:Cu₂S
Identification
Color	dark-gray to black
Crystal habit	tabular to prismatic crystals also massive to granular
Crystal system	orthorhombic 2/m 2/m 2/m at < 105°C - hexagonal 6/m 2/m 2/m above 105°C
Cleavage	imperfect in two directions
Fracture	conchoidal
Mohs Scale hardness	2.5 - 3
Luster	metallic
Refractive index	opaque
Streak	shiny black to lead gray
Specific gravity	5.5 - 5.8
Fusibility	2-2.5
Other Characteristics	sectile

Chalcocite, copper(I) sulfide (Cu₂S), is an important copper ore mineral. It is opaque, being colored dark-gray to black with a metallic luster. It has a hardness of 2½ - 3. It is a sulfide with an orthorhombic crystal system.

Chalcocite is sometimes found as a primary vein mineral in hydrothermal veins. However, most chalcocite occurs in the supergene enriched environment below the oxidation zone of copper deposits as a result of the leaching of copper from the oxidized minerals. It is also often found in sedimentary rocks.

It has been mined for centuries and is one of the most profitable copper ores. The reasons for this is its high copper content (67% atomic ratio and nearly 80% by weight) and the ease at which copper can be separated from sulfur. Still, it is not considered a primary source of copper ore due to its scarcity.

Fine crystals of chalcocite are quite uncommon and are much sought after. The now depleted mines at Cornwall, Great Britain and Bristol, Connecticut have produced the most famous clusters of wonderfully formed chalcocite crystals.

Since chalcocite is a secondary mineral that forms from the alteration of other minerals, it has been known to form pseudomorphs of many different minerals. A pseudomorph is a mineral that has replaced another mineral atom by atom, but it leaves the original mineral's crystal shape intact. Chalcocite has been known to form pseudomorphs of the minerals bornite, covellite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, enargite, millerite, galena and sphalerite.

The term chalcocite comes from the alteration of the obsolete name chalcosine, from the Greek khalkos, meaning copper. It is also known as redruthite, vitreous copper and copper-glance.