Ceratopteris
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Parkeria |
Ceratopteris is the only genus in the family Parkeriaceae, a small fern family. This genus is unusual among homosporous ferns in being exclusively aquatic. Pan-tropical.
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[edit] Description
Erect aquatic or subaquatic ferns of moderate size. Rhizome short, fleshy, horizontal and ascending to erect, loosely rooted in the mud or +/- floating, radial, dictyostelic with numerous meristeles and medullary strands, young parts bearing thin, ovate, +/- cordate, clathrate scales. Fronds stipitate, the stipes fleshy, with numerous longitudinal air canals, abaxially rounded and ribbed, adaxially flattened, vascualr bundles in a peripheral ring, one with each rib and several to the adaxial side, and several smaller medullary strands; lamina dimorphic, sterile fronds +/- spreading, 2 - 3-pinnatifid with broad membranous lobes, venation reticulate without included free veinlets, often with proliferous buds in the axils; fertile fronds erect, longer, narrower and more divided than the sterile, the lobes strongly recurved to completely cover the adiaxial surface, venation longitudinal, branching at the bases of the lobes. Sporangia solititary, scattered along the veins, exindusiate but protected by the continuous reflexed margin of the lamina, large, short-stalked, annulus broad, irregular, of 30 - 70 thickened cells, or lacking, containing 16 to 32 spores. Spores large, trilete, ribbed with irregular long meshes. [1]
[edit] Distribution
A widespread genus of 4 species in the humid tropics.
Ceratopteris is also important in the study of pteridophytes because it is a commonly used model organism for use in genomic studies, due to the ease and rapidity with which it can be grown in laboratories.
[edit] Economic Use
Ceratopteris is a fairly popular aquarium plant, often sold under the name "water sprite." It may be grown as an emersed but natant (floating) plant, or as an immersed plant rooted in the substrate. The most common species in use in aquaria are C. thalictroides and C. pteridoides.
Plants of this genus have also been used for food, as a green, with the common name "water lettuce." However, it is now known that these ferns are also carcinogenic if ingested.[citation needed]
[edit] Species
(some authorities recognise only four species)
- Ceratopteris cornuta (P. Beauv.) Le Prieur; Ann. Sci. Nat. 19: 103. t. 4A (1830)
- Ceratopteris gaudichaudii Brongn.; Bull. Soc. Philom. 187 (1821)
- Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 34: 561 (1905)
- Ceratopteris richardii Brongn.; Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. 3: 351 (1823)
- Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn.; Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 3, 8: 186 (1821)
[edit] References
- Benedict, R.C. 1909. The genus Ceratopteris: a preliminary revision. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 463-476.
- Copeland, E.B. 1942. Edible ferns. Amer. Fern J. 32: 121 - 126, pl.
- Donsellar, J. van 1969. On the distribution and ecology of Ceratopteris in Surinam. Amer. Fern J. 59: 3 - 8.
- Fosberg, F.R. 1958. Notes on Micronesian Pteridophyta, II. Amer. Fern J. 48: 35 - 39. (Ceratopteris)
- Johns, R.J. & Bellamy, A. 1979. Ferns and fern allies of Papua New Guinea. P.N.G. Office of Forests. (incl. Parkeriaceae)
- Johnson, A. 1961. The genus Ceratopteris in Malaya. Gard. Bull. Sing. 18: 76 - 81.
- Lloyd, R.M. 1972. Species delimitation in the genus Ceratopteris (Parkeriaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 59: 676.
- Lloyd, R.M. 1973. Sexual and vegetative reproduction in Hawaiian Ceratopteris thalictroides. Amer. Fern J. 63: 12 - 18.
- Lloyd, R.M. 1974. Systematics of the genus Ceratopteris Brongn. (Parkeriaceae) II. Taxonomy. Brittonia 26: 139 - 160, f. 1 - 9.
