User:Cedars/Power engineering draft

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For the magazine, see Power Engineering (magazine).
A steam turbine used to provide electric power.
A steam turbine used to provide electric power.

Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power as well as the electrical devices connected to such systems including generators, motors and transformers. Although much of the field is concerned with the problems of three-phase AC power - the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world - a significant fraction of the field is concerned with the conversion between AC and DC power as well as the development of specialised power systems such as those used in aircraft or for electric railway networks.

Contents

[edit] History

Electricity became a subject of scientific interest in the late 17th century with the work of William Gilbert.[1] Over the next two centuries a number of important discoveries were made including the incandescent lightbulb and the voltaic pile.[2][3] Probably the greatest discovery with respect to power engineering came from Michael Faraday who in 1831 discovered that a change in magnetic flux induces an electromotive force in a loop of wire—a principle known as electromagnetic induction that helps explain why generators and transformers work.[4]

In 1882 Thomas Edison and his company, The Edison Electric Light Company, developed the world's first central electric power station on Pearl Street in New York City. The Pearl Street Station consisted of several steam-powered generators and initially powered around 3,000 lamps for 59 customers.[5][6] The power station used direct current and operated at a single voltage. Since the direct current power could not be easily transformed to the higher voltages necessary to minimise power loss, the possible distance between the generators and load was limited to around half-a-mile (800 metres).[7]

That same year in London Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs demonstrated the first transformer suitable for use in a real power system. The practical value of Gaulard and Gibbs' transformer was demonstrated in 1884 at Turin where the transformer was used to light up forty kilometres (25 miles) of railway from a single alternating current generator.[8] Despite the success of the system, the pair made some fundamental mistakes. Perhaps the most serious was connecting the primaries of the transformers in series so that switching one lamp on or off would affect other lamps further down the line. Following the demonstration George Westinghouse, an American entrepreneur, imported a number of the transformers along with a Siemens generator and set his engineers to experimenting with them in the hopes of improving them for use in a commercial power system.

One of Westinghouse's engineers, William Stanley, recognised the problem with connecting transformers in series as opposed to parallel and also realised that making the iron core of a transformer a fully-enclosed loop would improve the voltage regulation of the secondary winding. Using this knowledge he built a much improved alternating current power system at Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1886.[9] Then in 1887 and 1888 another engineer called Nikola Tesla filed a range of patents related to power systems including one for a two-phase induction motor. Although Tesla cannot necessarily be attributed with building the first induction motor, his design, unlike others, was practical for industrial use.[10]

By 1890 the power industry had flourished and power companies had built literally thousands of power systems (both direct and alternating current) in the United States and Europe - these networks were effectively dedicated to providing electric lighting. During this time a fierce rivalry known as the "War of Currents" emerged between Edison, Westinghouse and Tesla over which form of transmission (direct or alternating current) was superior. In 1891, Westinghouse installed the first major power system that was designed to drive an electric motor and not just provide electric lighting. The installation powered a 100-horsepower synchronous motor at Telluride, Colorado with the motor being started by a Tesla induction motor.[11] On the other side of the Atlantic, Oskar von Miller built a 20 kV 176 km three-phase transmission line from Lauffen am Neckar to Frankfurt am Main for the Electrial Engineering Exhibition in Frankfurt.[12] In 1895, after a protracted decision-making process, the Adams No. 1 generating station at Niagara Falls began transferring three-phase alternating current power to Buffalo at 11 kV. Following completion of the Niagara Falls project, new power systems increasingly chose alternating current as opposed to direct current for electrical transmission.[13]

Although the 1880s and 1890s were seminal decades in the field, developments in power engineering continued throughout the 20th and 21st century. In 1936 the first commercial HVDC (high voltage direct current) line using Mercury arc valves was built between Shenectady and Mechanicville. HVDC had previously been achieved by installing direct current generators in series (known as the Thury system) although this system suffered from serious reliability issues.[14] In 1957 Siemens demonstrated the first solid-state rectifier (solid-state rectifiers are now the standard for HVDC systems) however it was not until the early 1970s that this technology was used in commercial power systems.[15] In 1959 Westinghouse demonstrated the first circuit breaker that used SF6 as the interrupting medium.[16] SF6 is a far superior dielectric to air and, in recent times, its use has been extended to produce far more compact switching equipment (known as switchgear) and transformers.[17][18] Many important developments also came from extending innovations in the information technology and telecommunications field to the power engineering field. For example, the development of computers allowed for load flow studies to be run efficiently allowing for much better planning of power systems. Advances in information technology and telecommunication also allowed for much better remote control of the power system's switchgear and generators.

[edit] Power

Transmission lines transmit power across the grid.
Transmission lines transmit power across the grid.

Power Engineering deals with the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors and power electronics.

In many regions of the world, governments maintain an electrical network that connects a variety electric generators together with users of their power. This network is called a power grid. Users purchase electricity from the grid avoiding the costly exercise of having to generate their own. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid as well as the power systems that connect to it. Such systems are called on-grid power systems and may supply the grid with additional power, draw power from the grid or do both.

Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid. These systems are called off-grid power systems and may be used in preference to on-grid systems for a variety of reasons. For example, in remote locations it may be cheaper for a mine to generate its own power rather than pay for connection to the grid and in most mobile applications connection to the grid is simply not practical.

Today, most grids adopt three-phase electric power with alternating current. This choice can be partly attributed to the ease with which this type of power can be generated, transformed and used. Often (especially in the USA), the power is split before it reaches residential customers whose low-power appliances rely upon single-phase electric power. However, many larger industries and organizations still prefer to receive the three-phase power directly because it can be used to drive highly efficient electric motors such as three-phase induction motors.

Transformers play an important role in power transmission because they allow power to be converted to and from higher voltages. This is important because higher voltages suffer less power loss during transmission. This is because higher voltages allow for lower current to deliver the same amount of power as power is the product of the two. Thus, as the voltage steps up, the current steps down. It is the current flowing through the components that result in both the losses and the subsequent heating. These losses, appearing in the form of heat, are equal to the current squared times the electrical resistance through which the current flows, so as the voltage goes up the losses are dramatically reduced.

For these reasons, electrical substations exist throughout power grids to convert power to higher voltages before transmission and to lower voltages suitable for appliances after transmission.

[edit] Components

Power engineering is a network of interconnected components which convert different forms of energy to electrical energy. Modern power engineering consists of three main subsystems: the generation subsystem, the transmission subsystem, and the distribution subsystem. In the generation subsystem, the power plant produces the electricity. The transmission subsystem transmits the electricity to the load centers. The distribution subsystem continues to transmit the power to the customers.

[edit] Generation

The main source of electrical energy is generated by alternating current synchronous generators. The energy is converted from a primary form to the electrical form. Most of the energy sources come from: the conversion of chemical energy of fossil fuel, nuclear power, and the hydropower. With the advent of technology development, there are some renewable sources of energy, such as solar power, wind power and other forms.

In fossil fuel plants, the source of heat energy comes from the combustion of the fossil fuel. For example, the coal is fed to the plant where it undergoes combustion. The thermal energy produced heats water to produce the steam. The steam drives the turbine to convert the thermal energy into the rotational energy which is fed to the generators. In a hydropower plant, the potential energy of the water is stored by a dam. The water is imported into the turbines to produce the mechanical energy which is supplied to the generators. The output of the generator is directed to the transformer which steps up the voltage to the transmission subsystems.

[edit] Transmission

The electricity is transported to load locations from a power station to a transmission subsystem. There are two kinds of transmission lines, underground or overhead. Considering the economical issue, the overhead transmission lines are common. A overhead transmission line consists of conductors, insulators, and mechanical supports. And a underground line which is mainly used in urban areas consists of oil-filled cables placed in elaborate duct systems. Transformers are important static devices which transfer electrical energy from one circuit with another in the transmission subsystem. Transformers are used to step up the voltage on the transmission line to reduce the power loss which is dissipated on the way.[19]

[edit] Distribution

The distribution subsystem steps down the voltage to supply appropriate levels for use by a residential, industrial, or commercial customer. Most of the industry plants have their own transformers to step down the voltage.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

Notes

Note I - Converting direct current to a higher or lower voltages is possible using a boost converter or buck converter or by converting to alternating current, using a transformer and then converting back to direct current. However both techniques require the use of semiconductor technology not available at the time.

References

  1. ^ Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism: William Gilbert. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
  2. ^ The History Of The Light Bulb. Net Guides Publishing, Inc. (2004). Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  3. ^ Greenslade, Thomas. The Voltaic Pile. Kenyon College. Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  4. ^ Faraday Page. The Royal Institute. Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  5. ^ Williams, Jasmin. Edison Lights The City. New York Post. Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  6. ^ Grant, Casey. The Birth of NFPA. National Fire Protection Association. Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  7. ^ New York Independent System Operator. "Bulk Electricity Grid Beginnings". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
  8. ^ Katz, Evgeny (2007-04-08). Lucien Gaulard. Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
  9. ^ Blalock, Thomas (2004-10-02). Alternating Current Electrification, 1886. Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
  10. ^ Petar Miljanic, Tesla's Polyphase System and Induction Motor, Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering, p121-130, Vol. 3, No. 2, November 2006.
  11. ^ Foran, Jack. The Day They Turned The Falls On. Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
  12. ^ Voith Siemens (company) (2007-02-01). HyPower, p. 7. 
  13. ^ Adams Hydroelectric Generating Plant, 1895. IEEE. Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
  14. ^ A Novel but Short-Lived Power Distribution System. IEEE (2005-05-01). Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
  15. ^ Gene Wolf. "Electricity Through the Ages", Transmission & Distribution World, 2000-12-01. 
  16. ^ John Tyner, Rick Bush and Mike Eby. "A Fifty-Year Retrospective", Transmission & Distribution World, 1999-11-01. 
  17. ^ Gas Insulated Switchgear. ABB. Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
  18. ^ Amin, Sayed. SF6 Transformer. Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
  19. ^ Transformers

[edit] External links

Category:Power engineering Category:Electrical engineering Category:Mechanical engineering Category:Electric power