CCL2
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Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). CCL2 recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to sites of tissue injury and infection.[1][2] This chemokine is produced as a protein precursor containing signal peptide of 23 amino acids and a mature peptide of 76 amino acids.[3][4] It is a monomeric polypeptide, with a molecular weight of approximately 13kDa. As with many other CC chemokines, CCL2 is located on chromosome 17 in humans.[5] The cell surface receptors that bind CCL2 are CCR2 and CCR5.
[edit] Function
It is found at the site of tooth eruption and bone degradation. In the bone, CCL2 is expressed by mature osteoclasts and osteoblasts and is under the control of nuclear factor κB (NFκB). In human osteoclasts, it has been shown that CCL2 and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) are unregulated by RANKL (receptor activator of NFκB ligand).[citation needed] Both MCP-1 and RANTES were also shown to induce the formation of TRAP-positive, multinuclear cells from M-CSF-treated monocytes in the absence of RANKL, but produced osteoclasts that lacked cathepsin K expression and resorptive capacity. It is proposed that CCL2 and RANTES act as autocrine loop in human osteoclast differentiation.
CCL2 causes the degranulation of basophils and mast cells, an effect potentiated by pre-treatment with IL-3 and other cytokines.[6][7]
[edit] References
- ^ Carr MW, Roth SJ, Luther E, Rose SS, Springer TA (April 1994). "Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 acts as a T-lymphocyte chemoattractant". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (9): 3652–6. doi:. PMID 8170963.
- ^ Xu LL, Warren MK, Rose WL, Gong W, Wang JM (September 1996). "Human recombinant monocyte chemotactic protein and other C-C chemokines bind and induce directional migration of dendritic cells in vitro". J. Leukoc. Biol. 60 (3): 365–71. PMID 8830793.
- ^ Yoshimura T, Yuhki N, Moore SK, Appella E, Lerman MI, Leonard EJ (February 1989). "Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Full-length cDNA cloning, expression in mitogen-stimulated blood mononuclear leukocytes, and sequence similarity to mouse competence gene JE". FEBS Lett. 244 (2): 487–93. doi:. PMID 2465924.
- ^ Furutani Y, Nomura H, Notake M, Oyamada Y, Fukui T, Yamada M, Larsen CG, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K (February 1989). "Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for human monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF)". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 159 (1): 249–55. doi:. PMID 2923622.
- ^ Mehrabian M, Sparkes RS, Mohandas T, Fogelman AM, Lusis AJ (January 1991). "Localization of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 gene (SCYA2) to human chromosome 17q11.2-q21.1". Genomics 9 (1): 200–3. doi:. PMID 2004761.
- ^ Conti P, Boucher W, Letourneau R, Feliciani C, Reale M, Barbacane RC, Vlagopoulos P, Bruneau G, Thibault J, Theoharides TC (November 1995). "Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 provokes mast cell aggregation and [3H]5HT release". Immunology 86 (3): 434–40. PMID 8550082.
- ^ Bischoff SC, Krieger M, Brunner T, Dahinden CA (May 1992). "Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 is a potent activator of human basophils". J. Exp. Med. 175 (5): 1271–5. doi:. PMID 1569397.
[edit] Further reading
- Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ (1992). "Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 305: 47–56. PMID 1661560.
- Wahl SM, Greenwell-Wild T, Hale-Donze H, et al. (2000). "Permissive factors for HIV-1 infection of macrophages.". J. Leukoc. Biol. 68 (3): 303–10. PMID 10985244.
- Sell H, Eckel J (2007). "Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and its role in insulin resistance.". Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 18 (3): 258–62. doi:. PMID 17495598.
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