Cattell Culture Fair III
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In seeking to develop a culture-fair intelligence or IQ test that separated environmental and genetic factors, Raymond B. Cattell created the CFIT or Culture Fair Intelligence Test.[1] Cattell argued that general intelligence (g) exists and that it consists of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
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[edit] Development
[edit] Cultural and Age Differences
- Crystallized intelligence (gc) refers to that aspect of cognition in which initial intelligent judgments have become crystallized as habits. Fluid intelligence (gf) is in several ways more fundamental and shows in tests requiring responses to entirely new situations. Before biological maturity individual differences between gf and gc will be mainly a function of differences in cultural opportunity and interest. Among adults, however these discrepancies will also reflect differences in age because the gap between gc and gf will tend to increase with experience which raises gc (whereas it has been shown that with increase in age some decay of gf occurs).
[edit] Current Use
[edit] Validity
[edit] Direct Concept Validity
Direct concept validity (sometimes called construct validity) refers to the degree to which a certain scale correlates with the concept or construct (i.e., source trait) which it purports to measure. Concept validity is thus measured by correlating the scale with the pure factor and this can only be carried out by performing a factor analysis. The relatively high loading of the Culture Fair Intelligence scale on the fluid intelligence factor indicates that the Culture Fair scale does, in fact, have a reasonably high direct concept validity with respect to the concept of fluid intelligence.
The Culture Fair intelligence measure loaded higher on the "General Intelligence" factor than it did on the "Achievement" factor, which is consistent with the concept of the CFIT's being a measure of "fluid" rather than "crystallized" intelligence.[citation needed]
[edit] Concrete Validity
Concrete Validity is the extent to which the Culture fair test correlates with other tests of intelligence, achievement, and aptitude. Downing et al. (1965) obtained the relationships between the Culture Fair Intelligence Test and other intelligence tests.
| Mean I | Test | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 96 | Culture Fair IQ | (1) | 1.00 | .49 | .69 | .62 | .63 | .72 | |
| 87 | Otis Beta IQ | (2) | 1.00 | .80 | .69 | .45 | .66 | ||
| 90 | Pinter IQ | (3) | 1.00 | .81 | .55 | .79 | |||
| 92 | WISC Verbal IQ | (4) | 1.00 | .55 | .79 | ||||
| 93 | WISC Performance IQ | (5) | 1.00 | .79 | |||||
| 92 | WISC Full Scale IQ | (6) | 1.00 |
[edit] Further Consideration
[edit] Tentative Timed and Untimed Age Trends
Some readers might wonder what use there is in giving the test under untimed conditions. Indeed, this use is completely experimental at the moment and under no circumstances should it be followed when a conventional IQ is desired. A major use of the untimed test lies in its potential for answering presently unresolved research questions. For example, it has been suggested that different cultures may have different attitudes towards the usage of time. In one culture a person may have learned to work as fast as possible when he is in a timed test situation, whereas in a different culture this might not be the case. In this event, giving the test under untimed conditions would make crosscultural comparisons more fair. Also, within any given culture there may be a wide range of responses to the timed condition. Some individuals may do better when they are under pressure, whereas others may become very anxious and therefore not perform at their highest level. Thus, an untimed version of the test may control for some of the motivational and personality differences that can distort test performance. It is possible that the untimed IQ score would be a better predictor since, in real life, the events that result in job success do not usually involve solving problems under strictly timed conditions, but often allow for a quite lengthy concentration on the problem in hand. This is, of course, merely an hypothesis, but, if correct, it could increase the utility of intelligence tests in both the vocational and educational fields.
[edit] See also
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
[edit] References
- ^ Cattell, Raymond (1949). Culture Free Intelligence Test, Scale 1, Handbook. Champaign, Illinois: Institute of Personality and Ability.
- ^ Downing, Gertrude (1965). The Preparation of Teachers for Schools in Culturally Deprived Neighborhoods (The Bridge Project) The Final Report.
Cattell, R. B. La theorie de ['intelligence fluide et cristallisee sa relation avec les tests "culture fair" et sa verification chez les enfants de 9 a 12 ens. Reoue de Psychologie Appliquee, 1967, 17, 3, 135154.
Cattell, R. B. La teoria dell' intelligenza fluid e cristallizzata: Sua relazione con i tests "culture fair" e sue verifica in bambini dai 9 ai 12 anni. (The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: Its relationship to culture free tests and its verification in 912yearold children.) Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 1968, 8890, 322.
Cattell, R. B. Abilities: Their structure growth and action. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971, p. 79.
Cattell, R. B., Barton, K., & Dielman, T. E. Prediction of school achievement from motivation, personality and ability measures. Psychological Reports, 1972, 3O, 3543.
Cattell, R. B., & Butcher, J. The prediction of achievement and creativity. Indianapolis, Ind.: BobbsMerrill, 1968, pp. 165166.
