Catachresis
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Catachresis (from Greek κατάχρησις), which literally means the incorrect or improper use of a word -- such as using the word decimate (e.g., "they were severely decimated") mistakenly for devastated -- is a term used to denote the (usually intentional) use of any figure of speech that flagrantly violates the norms of a language community. Compare malapropism.
Common forms of catachresis are:
- Using a word to denote something radically different from its normal meaning.
- 'Tis deepest winter in Lord Timon's purse – Shakespeare, Timon of Athens
- Using a word to denote something for which, without the catachresis, there is no actual name.
- "a table's leg"
- Using a word out of context.
- 'Can't you hear that? Are you blind?'
- Using paradoxical or contradictory logic.
- Creating an illogical mixed metaphor.
- "To take arms against a sea of troubles..." – Shakespeare, Hamlet
- Arguably, however, this is perhaps neither a catachresis nor a mixed metaphor. In context, Hamlet is pondering futility: faced with a sea of troubles, taking up a sword and shield is not going to have an effect on the oncoming wave. In this sense, the quotation is a straightforward metaphor, albeit interpretable as a catachresis.
Catachresis is often used to convey extreme emotion or alienation, and is prominent in baroque literature and, more recently, in the avant-garde.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). Greek Grammar. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, p. 677. ISBN 0-674-36250-0.
