Caryl Chessman

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Caryl Whittier Chessman (May 27, 1921 – May 2, 1960) was a convicted robber and rapist who gained fame as a Death Row inmate in California. Chessman's case attracted world-wide attention, and as a result he became a cause célèbre for the movement to ban capital punishment.

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[edit] Crime and conviction

Born in St. Joseph, Michigan, Caryl Chessman was a criminal with a long record who spent most of his adult life behind bars. He had been paroled a short time from prison in California when he was arrested near Los Angeles and charged with being the notorious "Red Light Bandit." The "Bandit" would follow people in their cars to secluded areas and flash a red light that tricked them into thinking he was a police officer. When they opened their windows or exited the vehicle, he would rob and, in the case of several young women, rape them. In July 1948, Chessman was convicted on 17 counts of robbery, kidnapping, and rape and condemned to death.

The main evidence that supported Chessman's conviction was from one of the Red Light Bandit's victims who turned out to be schizophrenic, and her memory of events was unclear. Her testimony is considered by some to be inaccurate, such as seen in the Alan Alda film 'Kill Me If You Can.' Chessman is widely-believed to have been innocent of the crime that sent him to his death.

Part of the controversy surrounding the Chessman case stems from how the death penalty was applied. At the time, under California's version of the "Little Lindbergh Law", any crime that involved kidnapping with bodily harm could be considered a capital offense. Two of the counts against Chessman alleged that he dragged a woman a short distance from her car before raping her. Despite the short distance the woman was moved, the court considered it sufficient to qualify as kidnapping, thus making Chessman eligible for the death penalty.

[edit] Legal appeals

Acting as his own attorney, Chessman vigorously asserted his innocence from the outset, arguing throughout the trial and the appeals process that he was alternately the victim of mistaken identity, or a much larger conspiracy seeking to frame him for a crime he did not commit. He claimed at other times to know who the real culprit was, but refused to name him. He further alleged that statements he made during his initial police interrogation implicating him in the Red Light Bandit crimes were coerced through torture.

Over the course of the 12 years he spent on death row, Chessman filed dozens of appeals and successfully avoided eight execution deadlines, often by mere hours. He appealed his conviction primarily on the grounds that the original trial was improperly conducted and that subsequent appeals were seriously hampered by incomplete and incorrect transcripts of the original trial proceedings. The appeals were successful and the U.S. Supreme Court finally ordered the State of California to either conduct a full review of the transcripts or release Chessman. The review concluded that the transcripts were substantially accurate and Chessman was scheduled to die in February 1960.

The Chessman affair put then-Governor of California Edmund G. "Pat" Brown, an opponent of the death penalty, in a difficult situation. Brown initially did not intervene in the case, but then issued a last-minute, 60-day stay of execution on February 19, 1960, just hours before Chessman's scheduled execution. Brown claimed he issued the stay out of concern that Chessman's execution could threaten the safety of President Dwight D. Eisenhower during a planned visit to South America, where the Chessman case had inflamed anti-American sentiment.

[edit] Public appeals

Chessman argued his case in the court of public opinion through letters, essays and books. While on death row, he wrote four books: Cell 2455 Death Row (1954), Trial by Ordeal (1955), The Face of Justice (1957) and The Kid Was A Killer (1960). In Cell 2455, Death Row, he clearly implies he once killed a man, though he was never prosecuted or convicted for this. Chessman's memoirs became bestsellers and ignited a world-wide movement to spare his life, while focusing attention on the politics of the death penalty in the United States at a time when most Western countries had already abandoned it, or were in the process of doing so. Brown's offices were flooded with appeals for clemency from noted authors and intellectuals from around the world, including Aldous Huxley, Ray Bradbury, Norman Mailer, Dwight MacDonald, and Robert Frost, and from such other public figures as former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and Christian evangelist Billy Graham. [1]

The manuscript of Chessman's novel The Kid Was a Killer was seized by San Quentin warden Harley O. Teets in 1954 on the belief that it was "prison labor." The manuscript was eventually returned to Chessman in late 1957 and published in 1960.[2] In addition to giving him world-wide notoriety, the books earned Chessman hundreds of thousands of dollars in royalties.

[edit] Execution

In 1954 or 1955, California repealed the Little Lindbergh Law and converted the death sentences of those who had been convicted under its statutes to terms of life in prison. Some of these inmates earned parole years later; Chessman, however, never had his sentence repealed. His sentence was upheld, and Brown refused to grant clemency.

Brown's stay of execution, along with Chessman's last appeals, ran out in April 1960 and Brown subsequently declined to grant Chessman executive clemency. Exhausting a last-minute attempt to file a writ of habeas corpus with the California Supreme Court, Chessman finally went to the gas chamber at San Quentin Prison on May 2, 1960.

During the execution, the emergency telephone rang just as the chamber was filling with gas. The caller was Judge Goodman's secretary, with a one-hour stay of execution. She quickly told Assistant Warden Reed Nelson the purpose of her call; he responded, "It's too late. The execution has begun." There was no way to stop the fumes, and no way to open the door and rescue the condemned man without the deadly fumes killing others.[3] The alleged new evidence uncovered by the Argosy magazine which prompted the stay appears in very few accounts.

The celebrated author Dominique Lapierre visited Chessman several times during his incarceration. Lapierre was then a young reporter working for a French newspaper. His account of Chessman appears in the book A Thousand Suns.

[edit] Chessman in popular culture

  • While on death row, Chessman sold the rights to his autobiography, Cell 2455, Death Row to Columbia Pictures. The book was made into a film of the same name, directed by Fred F. Sears in 1955, with William Campbell as Chessman. Chessman's middle name, Whittier, was used as the surname of his alter ego protagonist in the film.
  • The famous radio and TV program, Dragnet, aired two episodes that were heavily inspired by Chessman's criminal activities called The Big Badge, in which the criminal was similarly given the nickname "The Badge Bandit," and "The Red Light Bandit," in which the crimes are similar to Chessman's, except that the perpetrator murders one of the victims.
  • Chessman is mentioned on the Genesis album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway in the track "Broadway Melody of 1974" - "... the cheerleader waves her cyanide wand there's a smell of peach blossom and bitter almond. Caryl Chessman sniffs the air and leads the parade. He knows, in a scent, you can bottle all you made....
  • The 1977 movie Kill Me If You Can, with Alan Alda, was based on Chessman's story.
  • He's mentioned in the book By Reason of Insanity by Shane Stevens. The book is fiction, and in it, a serial killer's actions are driven partially by the belief he is Chessman's son.
  • Singer Country Johnny Mathis performed "Caryl Chessman" for a D Records single. The song was written by Eddie Hollowell and re-issued by Top Rank International on the EP Country And Western Express, Vol. 5, and on the God Less America CD and LP in the US.
  • Chessman was referred to in a song called "The Lifer" which was recorded at Michigan's Marquette Prison in September 1962. It was written by Al Gliva, prisoner #62055 according to the 45 RPM single picture sleeve. It was sung by Roger Chase, and released on Longhorn Records.
  • His activities were inspiration for the urban legend of The man with the hook.
  • A Mexican wrestler in the AAA Mexican wrestling promotion uses the pseudonym "Chessman."[1]
  • A song by the legendary Argentine rock band "Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota" entitled "Un tal Brigitte Bardot" ("A certain Brigitte Bardot", only available in old bootleg versions and never released officially by the band in any of their albums) mentions Chessman in its lyrics.
  • The mental asylum that plays a pivotal role in the X-Files Episode 'Daemonicus' is named after Chessman.
  • Chessman is mentioned by French singer Nicolas Peyrac. In his nostalgic 1975 hit "So Far Away From L.A." he sings "Mr. Caryl Chessman is dead, was he right or wrong?"
  • A Cruel and Unusual Night, a 1964 episode of Kraft Suspense Theatre, was inspired by the execution of Chessman, specifically the phone ringing moments after the cyanide had dropped.

[edit] References

  1. ^ http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/la/scandals/chessman.html Caryl Chessman, The Red-Light Bandit
  2. ^ http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2007/11/caryl-chessman.html Chessman's manuscript seized
  3. ^ The True Story of Caryl Chessman by Clark Howard
  4. ^ Mutiny on the Bounty by BritMovie.co.uk.

"They might even call it kidnapping," I said. "Straight to the gas chamber, like Chessman. And even if you beat that, they'll send you back to Nevada for Rape and Consensual Sodomy" (Thompson 116-117). - Hunter S. Thompson's, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Second Vintage Books Edition, June 1998 Copyright 1971 Hunter S. Thompson

[edit] External links