Cartagena Manifesto

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The Cartagena Manifesto was written in 1812 by Simón Bolívar during the Colombian and Venezuelan War of Independence, after the fall of the First Republic, explaining with great detail and precision the causes of this loss. It was written in Cartagena de Indias, on 15 December 1812. It is said to be the first of Bolívar's great documents.[who?]

The political, economic, social, and natural causes mentioned by Bolivar include:

  • The use of the federal system, which Bolivar considered weak for the time
  • Bad administration of the public incomes
  • The earthquake of Caracas of 1812
  • The impossibility of establishing a permanent army
  • The opposing influence of the Catholic Church


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