Carotid artery stenosis

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Carotid artery stenosis Classification and external resources
ICD-10	I65.2
ICD-9	433.1
DiseasesDB	31178
MeSH	D016893

Carotid stenosis is a narrowing of the lumen of the carotid artery, usually caused by atherosclerosis. The unqualified term "carotid stenosis" in common medical usage refers to the stenosis in the proximal part of the internal carotid artery (at the carotid bulb), as this is the by far the most common site of stenosis within the carotid arteries. Stenosis in other parts of the carotid arteries does occur.

Atherosclerotic carotid stenosis may be asymptomatic or it may cause symptoms by embolism to either cerebral vessels in the brain or to the retinal arteries. Emboli to the cerebral arteries cause transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Emboli to the retina produce amaurosis fugax or retinal infarction. It is important to note that there are other causes of TIAs, CVAs and retinal ischaemia apart from carotid stenosis.

Contents 1 Diagnosis 2 Screening 3 Treatment 4 References 5 See also

[edit] Diagnosis

Carotid stenosis is usually diagnosed by colour flow duplex ultrasound scan of the neck arteries. This involves no radiation, no needles and no contrast agents that may cause allergic reactions. This test has moderate sensitivity and specificity and yields many false-positive results.

Typically duplex ultrasound scan is the only investigation required for decision making (including proceeding to intervention) in carotid stenosis. Occasionally further imaging is required. One of several different imaging modalities, such as angiogram, computed tomography angiogram (CTA) or magnetic resonance imaging angiogram (MRA) may be useful. Each imaging modality has its advantages and disadvantages - the investigation chosen will depend on the clinical question and the imaging expertise, experience and equipment available.

[edit] Screening

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends against screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general adult population.^[1]

[edit] Treatment

Options for treatment include:

• Medical management alone (an antiplatelet drug (or drugs) and control of risk factors for atherosclerosis)
• Medical management plus Carotid endarterectomy (surgical removal of the atheroma)
• Medical management plus Carotid stenting

The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of stroke (cerebrovascular accident). Intervention (carotid endarterectomy or carotid stenting) can cause stroke, however where the risk of stroke from medical management alone is high, intervention may be beneficial. In selected, high-risk trial participants with asymptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis, carotid endarterectomy by selected surgeons reduces the 5-year absolute incidence of all strokes or perioperative death by approximately 5%. In excellent centers, carotid endarterectomy is associated with a 30-day stroke or mortality rate of about 3%; some areas have higher rates.^[1]

Clinically, risk of stroke from carotid stenois is evaluated by the presence or absence of symptoms and the degree of stenosis on imaging.

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b} Screening for Carotid Artery Stenosis. December 2007. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.

[edit] See also

• Ocular ischemic syndrome

v • d • e Cardiovascular disease: vascular disease - Circulatory system pathology (I60-I99, 430-459) Cerebrovascular diseases Intracranial hemorrhage: Extra-axial (Epidural, Subdural, Subarachnoid) - Cerebral/Intra-axial (Intraventricular, Intraparenchymal) Stroke/Brain ischemia: Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (Subclavian steal syndrome) - TIA Carotid artery stenosis - Cerebral aneurysm - Binswanger's disease - Moyamoya disease Anterior spinal artery syndrome Arteries, arterioles and capillaries Arterial occlusive disease: Arteriosclerosis (Atherosclerosis, Intermittent claudication, Atheroma) - Renal artery stenosis - Fibromuscular dysplasia - Degos disease Peripheral vascular disease: Raynaud's phenomenon/Raynaud's disease - Erythromelalgia Aneurysm (Aortic/Abdominal aortic) - Dissection (Aortic, Carotid, Vertebral) - Pseudoaneurysm Arteritis (Aortitis) - Buerger's disease Arteriovenous fistula - Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Nevus (Spider angioma) Veins Venous thrombosis/Phlebitis/Thrombophlebitis: Deep vein thrombosis - abdomen (May-Thurner syndrome, Portal vein thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, Renal vein thrombosis) - upper limb (Paget-Schroetter disease) - head (Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) - Post-thrombotic syndrome Varicose veins: Varicocele - Gastric varices - Portacaval anastomosis (Hemorrhoid, Esophageal varices, Caput medusae) Superior vena cava syndrome - Venous ulcer Arteries or veins Vasculitis - Thrombosis - Embolism (Pulmonary embolism, Cholesterol embolism) Lymphatic vessels/nodes Lymphadenitis - Lymphedema - Lymphangitis Blood pressure Hypertension: Hypertensive heart disease - Hypertensive nephropathy - Secondary hypertension (Renovascular hypertension) Hypotension: Orthostatic hypotension See also congenital (Q20-Q28, 745-747)