Carl-Gustaf Rossby
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Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby (Stockholm 28 December 1898 – Stockholm 19 August 1957) was a Swedish-U.S. meteorologist who first explained the large-scale motions of the atmosphere in terms of fluid mechanics.
Rossby came into meteorology and oceanography while studying under Vilhelm Bjerknes in Bergen in 1919, where Bjerknes' group was developing the concept of polar front, and University of Leipzig. He also studied at the Lindenberg Observatory, Brandenburg where upper air measurements by kite and balloon were researched. In 1921, he returned to Stockholm to join the Swedish Meteorological Hydrological Service where he served as a meteorologist on a variety of oceanographic expeditions. While ashore between expeditions, he studied mathematical physics at the University of Stockholm.
In 1925, Rossby was granted a fellowship from the Sweden-America Foundation "to study the application of the polar front theory to American weather". In the U.S. Weather Bureau in Washington, DC he combined theoretical work on atmospheric turbulence with the establishment of the first weather service for civil aviation.
In 1928 he became associate professor in the Aeronautics Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Shortly after this became the first U.S. department of meteorology. In 1931 he also became a research associate at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. His interests during this time ranges over atmospheric thermodynamics, mixing and turbulence and the interaction between oceans and atmosphere.
In 1938, he became a US citizen and the following year, assistant director of research at the U.S. Weather Bureau. His appointment as chair of the department of meteorology at the University of Chicago in 1940 began the period in which he turned his attention to large-scale atmospheric motions. He identified and characterised both the jet stream, and Rossby waves in the atmosphere.
During World War II, Rossby organised the training of military meteorologists, recruiting many of them to his Chicago department in the post-war years where he began adapting his mathematical description of atmospheric dynamics to weather forecasting by electronic computer. In 1947 he became founding director of the Institute of Meteorology in Stockholm, dividing his time between there, Chicago and Woods Hole.
Between 1954 and his death in Stockholm in 1958 he championed and developed the field of atmospheric chemistry. His contributions to meteorology were noted in the Dec. 17, 1956 issue of Time Magazine. His portrait graced the cover that week.
