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The list of Florida major hurricanes encompasses 37 tropical cyclones that made landfall or produced hurricane force winds of at least Category 3 intensity in the U.S. state of Florida from 1851–2007.

Contents

[edit] Climatology

Out of 37 intense tropical cyclones to affect the state, only two attained Category 5 intensity at landfall; they were the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Andrew of 1992. Six of the tropical cyclones were Category 4 cyclones at landfall, while the majority were Category 3 hurricanes when they struck the state. Only six tropical cyclones directly struck the state with an officially estimated central pressure below 940 mbar (27.76 inHg).[1] However, stronger landfalls may have occurred prior to modern records; for instance, one estimate places the central pressure in the 1846 Great Havana hurricane at 902 mbar (26.63 inHg) when it struck Key West, Florida.[2] The strongest maximum sustained winds at landfall in a Florida tropical cyclone were estimated near 165 mph (265 km/h) for Hurricane Andrew.[3] Operationally, Andrew was classified as a strong Category 4 hurricane when it made landfall near Homestead, Florida prior to reanalysis conducted by the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project.[4] The lowest central pressure recorded in the state was measured at 892 mbar (26.35 inHg) on Craig Key during the 1935 Labor Day hurricane,[5] which remains the most intense tropical cyclone to strike the United States.[1] The majority of the major hurricanes have struck the east and west coasts of southern Florida, with a third cluster in the Florida Panhandle.[1] In the peak of the hurricane season during August and September, several intense tropical cyclones have moved west and struck the southeastern coast of the state. In late September and October, systems move north from the Caribbean Sea and frequently strike northwest and southwest Florida.[3]

[edit] 1851–1900

  • August 24, 1851 – A Category 3 hurricane strikes the coast near Apalachicola, producing a large storm surge near 12 feet (3.7 m).[6] Three lighthouses were demolished, and five people died on Dog Island. Extensive damages to roofs and vegetation occurred in Tallahassee.[5]
  • October 3, 1877 – Another Category 3 hurricane makes landfall near the present location of Panama City. It produces a storm surge near 12 feet (3.7 m) at Saint Marks, where a pressure reading was recorded at 988 mbar (29.17 inHg) and winds reached 66 mph (105 km/h) in the outer fringes of the cyclone.[7] Some watercraft washed ashore and wharves were demolished,[5] but other damages are unknown.
  • September 10, 1882 – A hurricane crosses the coast east of Pensacola with 115 mph (185 km/h) winds. In Tallahassee, strong winds removed the roof from a hotel and other structures,[8] and coastal docks and wharehouses received damage east to Apalachee Bay. Crops were damaged across the northern portion of Florida, though the slow movement of the cyclone aided advance warnings and prevented potential shipping losses of $70 million.[5]
  • August 16, 1888 – A strong Category 3 hurricane moves inland over Miami Beach, producing a storm surge of 14 feet (4.3 m) on the oceanfront near Miami.[5] The outer fringes of the storm cause damage to trees, telegraph poles, and small boats at Sebastian, where Citrus and fruit losses were estimated at several million dollars.[9] Overall damages across southern Florida were widespread, but they were minimal because of the area's sparse population.[5] 2.02 inches (51 mm) of precipitation was measured at Jupiter.[10]
  • September 29, 1896 – A compact, intense hurricane rapidly accelerates and makes landfall near Cedar Key. The strong Category 3 hurricane produces wind gusts estimated near 150 mph (240 km/h) at Lake City, and severe damage occurred over interior northern Florida.[11] Timber losses exceeded $1.5 million in the state, and a storm surge of ten feet affected Cedar Key. At least 60 people were killed in the path of the cyclone.[5] The economy of Cedar Key was adversely affected, and several pencil manufacturing companies moved because of depleted cedar trees that supplied the local pencil industry.[12]

[edit] 1901–1950

[edit] 1951–1990

[edit] 1990–present

[edit] Chronology

Storm Saffir-Simpson
Category		 Date of landfall Year Landfall Intensity
(in knots)		 Landfall Location
Great Middle Florida 3 August 23 1851 100 Panama City
Unnamed 3 August 17 1871 100 Jupiter Island
Unnamed 3 October 7 1873 100 Captiva Island
Unnamed 3 October 3 1877 100 Panama City
Unnamed 3 September 10 1882 100 Navarre
Unnamed 3 August 16 1888 110 Miami Beach
Unnamed 3 October 9 1894 105 Panama City
Unnamed 3 September 10 1896 110 Cedar Key
Unnamed 3 October 18 1906 105 Marathon
Everglades National Park
Unnamed 3 October 11 1909 100 Marathon
Unnamed 3 September 29 1917 100 Okaloosa County
Unnamed 4 September 10 1919 130 Offshore Florida Keys
Unnamed 3 October 25 1921 100 Clearwater
Great Miami 4 August 18 1926 115 South Miami
Okeechobee 4 September 17 1928 130[13] Jupiter Island
Unnamed 3 September 28 1929 100 Tavernier
Unnamed 3 September 4 1933 110 Jupiter
Labor Day 5 September 3 1935 160[13] Craig Key
Unnamed 3 31 July 1936 100 Fort Walton Beach
Unnamed 3 October 19 1944 100 Englewood
Unnamed 3 September 15 1945 ≥110 Upper Florida Keys
Unnamed 4 September 17 1947 ≥115 Pompano Beach
Unnamed 3 September 21 1948 105 Lower Florida Keys
Everglades National Park
Unnamed 3 August 26 1949 ≥110 Palm Beach Shores
Easy 3 September 5 1950 100 Cedar Key
King 3 October 18 1950 100 Miami
Donna 4 September 10 1960 115 Key Vaca
Naples
Betsy 3 September 8 1965 110 Upper Florida Keys
Eloise 3 September 23 1975 110 Bay County
Elena 3 September 2 1985 100 Gulfport, Mississippi
Andrew 5 August 24 1992 145 Homestead
Opal 3 October 4 1995 100 Pensacola Beach
Charley 4 August 13 2004 130 Cayo Costa
Punta Gorda
Ivan 3 September 16 2004 105 Gulf Shores, Alabama
Jeanne 3 September 26 2004 105 Hutchinson Island
Dennis 3 10 July 2005 105 Santa Rosa Island
Wilma 3 October 24 2005 105 Cape Romano

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c Hurricane Research Division (2008). All U.S. Hurricanes (1851-2007). NOAA. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  2. ^ Ho, F. P. The Key West Hurricane of 1846 - Oct. 11-12 - Part 1. Historical Hurricane Information Tool. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  3. ^ a b Hurricane Research Division (2008). Atlantic hurricane best track. NOAA. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  4. ^ Landsea, Christopher W. et al (2004). A Reanalysis of Hurricane Andrew's Intensity. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Barnes, Jay (1998). Florida's Hurricane History. Chapel Hill Press.
  6. ^ Hurricane Research Division (2008). HURDAT Meta-Data. NOAA. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  7. ^ Partagas, Jose Fernandez (1995). Year 1877. NOAA. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  8. ^ Partgas, Jose Fernandez (1996). Year 1882. NOAA. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  9. ^ Winds. United States Signal Service. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  10. ^ 1888 Monthly Weather Review. United States Signal Service. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  11. ^ Sandrik, Al (2003). Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899. NOAA. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
  12. ^ History. CedarKey.net. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
  13. ^ a b David A. Glenn (2005). A Reanalysis of the 1916, 1918, 1927, 1928, and 1935 Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Basin. NOAA. Retrieved on 2008-01-13.