Canna indica

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Canna indica

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Cannaceae
Genus: Canna
Species: C. indica
Binomial name
Canna indica
L.

Canna indica (also known as saka siri, Indian shot, canna, bandera, chancle, coyol, or platanillo) is a species of the Canna genus, belonging to the family Cannaceae, a native of the Caribbean and tropical Americas that is also widely cultivated as a garden plant. It is a perennial growing from 0.5m to 2.5m, depending on the variety. It is hardy to zone 10 and is frost tender. In the northern latitudes it is in flower from August to October, and the seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphrodite.[1][2][3][4]

The seeds are small, globular, black pellets, hard and heavy enough to sink in water.[3] They resemble shotgun pellets giving rise to the plant's common name of Indian Shot. They are widely used for jewellery. The seeds are also used as the mobile elements of the kayamb, a musical instrument from Réunion, as well as the hosho, a gourd rattle from Zimbabwe, where the seeds are known as "hota" seeds.

Contents

[edit] Taxonomy

In the last three decades of the 20th century, Canna species have been categorised by two different taxonomists, Paulus Johannes Maria Maas from the Netherlands and Nobuyuki Tanaka from Japan. Maas regards C. coccinea, C. compacta, C. discolor, C. patens and C. speciosa as synonyms or varieties of C. indica, while Tanaka recognises several additional varieties of C. indica.

  • Canna indica var. indica L.
A medium sized species; green foliage, oblong shaped, spreading habit; triangular stems, coloured green; spikes of flowers are erect, self-coloured red, staminodes are long and narrow, edges regular, petals red, partial self-cleaning; fertile both ways, self-pollinating and also true to type, capsules globose; rhizomes are thick, up to 3 cm in diameter, coloured purple; tillering is prolific. Introduced by L.[3][5]
  • Canna indica var. flava (Roscoe ex Baker) Nb. Tanaka
Yellow bloom. Many plants previously offered as C. lutea fall into this sub-species.[5]
  • Canna indica var. maculata (Hook) Nb. Tanaka
A medium sized species; green foliage, ovoid shaped, branching habit; spikes of flowers are erect, yellow with red spots, staminodes are long and narrow, edges regular, petals green, fully self-cleaning, low bloomer; fertile both ways, self-pollinating and also true to type, capsules globose; rhizomes are thick, up to 3 cm in diameter, coloured white and pink; tillering is average. Introduced by Hook.. Many plants previously offered as Canna lutea fall into this sub-species.[5]
  • Canna indica var. sanctae rosea (Kraenzl) Nb. Tanaka
A small species; green foliage, oval shaped, white margin, branching habit; spikes of flowers are erect, self-coloured pink, staminodes are long and narrow, edges regular, labellum is pink, stamen is pink, style is pink, petals red with farina, fully self-cleaning; fertile both ways, self-pollinating and also true to type, capsules ellipsoid; rhizomes are thick, up to 3 cm in diameter, coloured white and pink; tillering is prolific.[5]
  • Canna indica var. warszewiczii (A.Dietr.) Nb.Tanaka
This variety is distinguishable from C. indica var. indica by having purple-red-margined leaves, purple-red fruits and slightly corm-like thickened terrestial stem at the base. Additionally to this, there are normally two staminodes , recurved backwards, and the stamen is often strongly reflexed at the apex. These characteristics are fairly stable in this taxon. Sometimes, this variety is confused with C. discolor Lindl., from which it differs in much smaller, deep-red coloured flowers, short and slender rhizomes and chromosone numbers (2n=27 in C. discolor and 2n=18 in C. indica var. warszewiczii)[5]

[edit] Synonyms

Detail of Canna indica seeds and seed pods.
Detail of Canna indica seeds and seed pods.
  • Canna annaei André.[6]
  • Canna aurantiaca Roscoe.[6]
  • Canna barbadica Bouché[6]
  • Canna bidentata Bertol.[6]
  • Canna bifida Roem. & Schult.[6]
  • Canna carnea Roscoe[6]
  • Canna cearensis Huber.[6]
  • Canna chinensis Willd.[6]
  • Canna cinnabarina Bouché[6]
  • Canna coccinea var. bicolor Kraenzl.[6]
  • Canna commutata Bouché[6]
  • Canna compacta Bouché[6]
  • Canna concinna Bouché.[6]
  • Canna crocea Lag. ex Rchb.[6]
  • Canna crocea Roem. & Schult.[6]
  • Canna densifolia Bouché[6]
  • Canna edulis Ker Gawl.[6]
  • Canna ehrenbergii Bouché[6]
  • Canna ellipticifolia Stokes[6]
  • Canna esculenta Loudon[6]
  • Canna exigua Bouché[6]
  • Canna flavescens Link[6]
  • Canna floribunda Bouché[6]
  • Canna formosa Bouché[6]
  • Canna fulgida Bouché[6]
  • Canna glauca var. annaei Petersen.[6]
  • Canna heliconiifolia Bouché[6]
  • Canna heliconiifolia var. xalapensis (Horan.') Kraenzl.[6]
  • Canna indica var. edwardsii Regel.[6]
  • Canna indica var. lutea (Mill.) Aiton[6]
  • Canna indica var. napalensis (Wall. ex Bouché) Baker[6]
  • Canna indica var. orientalis (Roscoe) Baker[6]
  • Canna indica var. rubra Aiton[6]
  • Canna juncea Retz.[6]
  • Canna laeta Bouché[6]
  • Canna lagunensis Lindl.[6]
  • Canna lambertii Lindl.[6]
  • Canna leptochila Bouché[6]
  • Canna lutea Mill.[6]
  • Canna lutea Larrañaga[6]
  • Canna lutea var. aurantiaca Regel[6]
  • Canna lutea var. genuina Kraenzl.[6]
  • Canna lutea var. maculata (Hook.) Petersen[6]
  • Canna lutea var. pallida Kraenzl.[6]
  • Canna maculata (Hook) Link.[6]
  • Canna maxima Lodd. ex Roscoe[6]
  • Canna moritziana Bouché[6]
  • Canna napalensis Wall. ex Bouché[6]
  • Canna nepalensis D.Dietr.[6]
  • Canna occidentalis Roscoe[6]
  • Canna orientalis Bouché[6]
  • Canna orientalis Roscoe[6]
  • Canna orientalis f. flava Roscoe[6]
  • Canna pallida Roscoe.[6]
  • Canna poeppigii Bouché[6]
  • Canna polymorpha Lodd. ex Loudon[6]
  • Canna portoricensis Bouché[6]
  • Canna pulchra Hassk.[6]
  • Canna pulchra Bouché ex Horan.[6]
  • Canna rubra (Aiton) Willd.[6]
  • Canna rubricaulis Link[6]
  • Canna sanctae-rosae Kraenzl.'[6]
  • Canna sanguinea Warsz. ex Otto & A.Dietr.[6]
  • Canna sanguinea Bouché[6]
  • Canna saturate-rubra Bouché ex K.Koch[6]
  • Canna seleriana Kraenzl.[6]
  • Canna sellowii Bouché[6]
  • Canna spectabilis Bouché[6]
  • Canna sulphurea Bouché[6]
  • Canna surinamensis Bouché[6]
  • Canna tenuiflora Bouché[6]
  • Canna textoria Noronha[6]
  • Canna thyrsiflora Hegetschw.[6]
  • Canna tinei Tod.[6]
  • Canna variabilis Willd.[6]
  • Canna variegata Besser[6]
  • Canna variegata Bouché[6]
  • Canna ventricosa Bouché[6]
  • Canna warszewiczii var. flameus Ram. Goyena[6]
  • Canna xalapensis Horan.[6]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Johnson's Gardeners Dictionary, 1856
  2. ^ Chaté, E. (1867) Le Canna, son histoire, son culture. Libraire Centrale d'Agriculture et de Jardinage.
  3. ^ a b c Khoshoo, T.N. & Guha, I. - Origin and Evolution of Cultivated Cannas. Vikas Publishing House.
  4. ^ Cooke, Ian, 2001. The Gardener's Guide to Growing cannas, Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-513-6
  5. ^ a b c d e Tanaka, N. 2001. Taxonomic revision of the family Cannaceae in the New World and Asia. Makinoa ser. 2, 1:34–43.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb Kew Gardens Checklists

[edit] See also