Canceled Apollo missions

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Apollo 18, Apollo 19, Apollo 20, and Apollo 21 redirect here.
For the ASTP mission, sometimes unofficially referred to as Apollo 18, see Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.
For the 1992 album by They Might Be Giants, see Apollo 18 (album).

Due to budget constraints there were many canceled Apollo missions during the Apollo program. Along with Apollos 18, 19 and 20, which received some level of planning, there were a variety of later planned flights. Some of these were incorporated into the Apollo Applications Program, of which the only result was the Skylab space station.

Contents

[edit] Mission types

In September 1967, the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, proposed a series of missions that would lead up to a manned lunar landing. Seven mission types were outlined, each testing a specific set of components and tasks; each previous step needed to be completed successfully before the next mission type could be undertaken. These were:

Later added to this were H missions, which were short duration stays on the Moon with two LEVAs ("moonwalks"). These were followed by the J missions, which were longer three day stays, with three LEVAs and the use of the lunar rover. Apollo 18 to 20 would have been J missions.

In addition, a further group of flights—the I missions—were planned for. Lunar Orbital Survey Missions were conceived that would have seen a long duration orbital mission of the Moon using a Service Module bay loaded with scientific equipment. When it became obvious that later flights were being canceled, such mission plans were brought into the J missions that were actually flown.

[edit] Early Apollo missions

The prime crew for the second planned Apollo manned flight prepares for mission simulator tests at the North American Aviation plant. Left to right: Donn F. Eisele, Senior Pilot, Walter M. Schirra, Command Pilot, and Walter Cunningham, Pilot. (September 1966).
The prime crew for the second planned Apollo manned flight prepares for mission simulator tests at the North American Aviation plant. Left to right: Donn F. Eisele, Senior Pilot, Walter M. Schirra, Command Pilot, and Walter Cunningham, Pilot. (September 1966).

In 1962 it was planned to fly four manned Saturn I flights in 1965. These flights would be designated SA-11 through SA-14 and would be orbital flights. However by late 1963 a change in NASA testing to "all-up" led to the missions being canceled.

Other missions received much more planning. It was originally planned that Apollo 1 would be followed by another Earth orbital flight of the Block I Command/Service Module (the Block I version was only designed for Earth orbit and not lunar flights). However it was decided that the flight was unnecessary and officially canceled on December 22, 1966. The crew of Walter Cunningham, Donn Eisele and Wally Schirra became the backup crew for Apollo 1 and eventually the crew for Apollo 7.

Also planned was the original D mission. Instead of using a Saturn V to launch the CSM and LM in one launch, this mission would have used two Saturn IBs to launch the components separately. It would have used the first block II CSM, CSM-101, and Lunar Module LM-2. CSM-101 was used by Apollo 7 and LM-2 went unused (Apollo 9 used LM-3) and currently is on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. The D mission crew would end up flying on Apollo 9.

Of all the components of the Apollo system, the LM, which would eventually be used to land on the Moon, had the most issues. It was behind schedule and when the first model was shipped to Cape Canaveral in June 1968, over 101 separate defects were discovered. Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, which was the lead contractor for the LM predicted that the first mannable LM, to be used for the D mission, would not be ready until at least February 1969, delaying the entire sequence.

George Low, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, proposed a solution in August. Since the CSM would be ready three months before the Lunar Module, they could fly a CSM-only mission in December 1968. But instead of just repeating the flight of Apollo 7, the C mission that would fly the CSM in Earth orbit, they could send the CSM all the way to the Moon and maybe even enter into orbit. This mission was dubbed the "C-Prime" mission. This new mission would allow NASA to test procedures that would be used on the manned lunar landings that would otherwise have to wait until Apollo 10, the F mission. There were also concerns from the CIA that the Soviets were planning their own circumlunar flight for December to upstage the Americans once again (see Zond program). This change of plans for Apollo 8 meant the cancellation of the E mission. The switch of missions was also decisive in who would be the first man to walk on the moon. Pete Conrad was back up Commander for the D mission that became Apollo 9 and by the process of crew rotation would have been in line for prime crew Commander of Apollo 11.

[edit] Apollos 18–20

Originally, NASA produced fifteen flight-worthy Saturn Vs; inclusive of two unmanned tests, this was enough to provide thirteen manned missions; these would have been the missions that took place plus Apollo 18 through Apollo 20.

[edit] Cancellation

The first mission to be canceled was Apollo 20. On January 4, 1970 NASA announced it was canceling the Apollo 20 as its Saturn V rocket was now needed for the Skylab space station and budget restrictions had limited the Saturn V production to the original 15 flight models.

Then on September 2, 1970, NASA announced it was canceling what were to be the Apollo 15 and Apollo 19 missions. Apollo 15 was originally meant to be an H mission — like Apollo 12, 13 and 14. These cancellations meant that Apollo 15 became a J mission — three day stay on the moon with the lunar rover and that Apollo 18 would no longer be launched.

[edit] Crews

Deke Slayton was the Director of Flight Crew Operations and effectively chose the crews for the flights. During the early Apollo missions he had used a rotation system of assigning a crew as backup and then three missions later they would be the prime crew. However, by the later Apollo flights, this system was used less frequently as astronauts left the program, Slayton wanted to give rookies a chance, and astronauts didn't want to take dead-end backup positions.

In the case of Apollo 18 the crew was probably the Apollo 15 backup crew:

When Apollo 18 was effectively canceled, Schmitt was moved up to Apollo 17, replacing Joe Engle, under pressure from the scientific community. Schmitt, a geologist, became the only professional scientist and the twelfth man to walk on the Moon.

Slayton's intention for the Apollo 19 crew was the original (prior to cancellation) Apollo 15 backup crew[1]:

For Apollo 20 there is even more uncertainty. Based on normal crew rotation, the crew would have been:

This crew however had been transferred to the Skylab program and Conrad had already walked on the Moon. So it is thought that the Apollo 20 crew would have been:

[edit] Surplus hardware

LM-2 on display at the National Air and Space Museum
LM-2 on display at the National Air and Space Museum

Two complete Saturn Vs went unused after the Apollo program, SA-514 and -515, as well as the third stage of the SA-513.

Likewise the flights Apollo Command/Service Modules (CSM) and Apollo Lunar Modules (LM) went either unused or were used for other missions:

  • After Apollo 15's original H mission was canceled, there was a surplus H mission CSM and Lunar Module. CSM-111 was used for the Apollo Soyuz Test Project. LM-9 is on display at the Kennedy Space Center (Apollo/Saturn V Center)
  • Apollo 18's CSM and LM were used by Apollo 17.
  • Apollo 19's CSM is displayed on the Saturn V located at the Johnson Space Center. Its LM was only partially completed by Grumman and is now on display at the Cradle of Aviation Museum on Long Island. This LM was actually completed for the Tom Hanks' HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon for use as a prop in their moon exploration scenes.
  • Apollo 20's CSM was never completed and was scrapped. The LM was also scrapped before completion, though there are some unconfirmed reports that some parts (in addition to parts from the LM test vehicle LTA-3) are included in the LM on display at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

[edit] Landing sites

Being effectively canceled at least two years before they would have launched, little detailed planning had happened for the missions. A variety of landing sites were given for each flight.

According to "NASA OMSF, Manned Space Flight Weekly Report" from July 28, 1969, Apollo 18 would have landed at Schroter's Valley in February 1972, Apollo 19 in the Hyginus rille region in July 1972, and Apollo 20 in Copernicus in December 1972.

In the NASA report "Scientific Rationale Summaries for Apollo Candidate Lunar Exploration Landing Sites" from March 11, 1970, Apollo 18 is targeted for Copernicus, and Apollo 19 is assigned Hadley rille (the eventual landing site of Apollo 15). The Apollo 20 mission had two months before been cancelled, but the report still suggested its target, Hyginus rille, possibly as an alternative Apollo 19 landing site.

Another source[2] lists the prospective landing sites as Gassendi craters (Apollo 18, July 1973), Copernicus (Apollo 19, December 1973), and Marius Hills or Tycho (Apollo 20, July 1974).

Following the failure of Apollo 13 in April 1970 the landing sites for the remaining moon landings were changed. On September 2, 1970, two missions were cancelled: Apollo 15, an early mission that probably would have gone to Censorinus, and Apollo 19, an advanced mission that would possibly have had Copernicus as its destination. The remaining missions were renumbered 14 through 17.

[edit] Apollo 21

A number of sources refer to an Apollo 21 lunar-landing mission, cancelled around 1969.[3] While this seems unlikely, as there would not have been a Saturn V to launch the flight, the discrepancy is likely due to Apollo 8.

Apollo 8 was originally slated to be a D mission, flying the LM and CSM in Earth orbit. However, the LM was delayed by engineering problems, and the mission would not be able to fly as planned. As such, NASA changed the mission plan to be a "C-prime" mission — it would only consist of the manned CSM, but it would go all the way to the Moon. This would, of course, require the use of a Saturn V, leaving twelve more for later missions.

Initially, however, the plan had been for the D mission to consist of two separate flights, with one Saturn IB carrying the CSM and, a few days later, another launching with the LM. Had this been carried out, there would have been thirteen Saturn Vs left after Apollo 8 - in other words, enough to go to a hypothetical Apollo 21.

It is likely that references to Apollo 21 originate in this short period between the flight of Apollo 7, and the announcement of the change of mission of Apollo 8. The knowledge that the C mission was numbered 7 allowed the calculation that there would be a D mission, and then thirteen missions requiring Saturn Vs, to a final Apollo 21. After Apollo 8, however, it became clear that all future Apollo missions would be on Saturn Vs — and the boosters would end at number 20. At the time, no specific plans for the late Apollo missions, besides rough dates, existed.

Using the internal NASA numbering conventions of the time, the "Apollo 21" discussed in 1968 would have been AS-515. This was the numbering used for the canceled Apollo 20 mission; in other words, Apollo 21 was simply an early name for the mission that later became planned as Apollo 20.

[edit] Skylab

Main article: Skylab Rescue
Vance Brand and Don Lind, the crew for the unflown Skylab Rescue mission.
Vance Brand and Don Lind, the crew for the unflown Skylab Rescue mission.

During Skylab 3, a malfunction on the Apollo CSM docked to the station caused fears that the crew would not be able to return safely. A modified Apollo CSM was prepared, with two additional crew seats placed on the floor below the capsule's three couches. Two astronauts, Don Lind and Vance Brand, would have flown the Apollo spacecraft to Skylab's auxiliary docking port to retrieve the crew. However, the problem was fixed without requiring a rescue flight, and the mission was stood down. The CSM was later used as a backup for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. As of 2005 it is on display at the Kennedy Space Center (the only intact CSM in existence). NASA engineers supporting the Constellation Program examined this CSM during their design work.

Along with the Skylab Rescue mission, there were also plans for a short 20-day Skylab 5 flight that would use this backup CSM. The crew would have performed some scientific research and boosted the station into a higher orbit for use by the Space Shuttle. Another plan would have been to use the backup Skylab that had been constructed and launch it using one of the surplus Saturn V rockets left over from the cancellation of later lunar landing missions. It would have been served by Apollo spacecraft and perhaps been used for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

[edit] In fiction

[edit] Apollo 18

Stephen Baxter's Moonseed opens with a recounting of a fictional Apollo 18 mission to Aristarchus.

James A. Michener's novel Space features a fictional Apollo 18 which makes a fateful trip to the far side of the Moon.

The rock band They Might Be Giants named one of their albums Apollo 18.

[edit] Apollo 19

Edwin Corley's novel Sargasso features a fictional follow up to the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project dubbed Apollo 19 which involves an Apollo mission to a Salyut.

Shane Johnson's novel Ice features a fictional Apollo 19 which makes a trip to a deep basin on the south lunar pole that is now believed to contain a vast formation of water ice, and an equally fictional Apollo 20, using a Skylab rescue CSM, to the same site.

The mid-1970s television series The Six Million Dollar Man establishes (in a pilot telefilm entitled Wine, Women and War) that Col. Steve Austin flew to the moon aboard Apollo 19.

[edit] Apollo 20

The 1989 film Moontrap uses a surplus Apollo-Saturn stack for a mission to the Moon to investigate an alien presence.

[edit] Apollo 21

Frank Hogan's Apollo 21 is a science-fiction novel about a murder on the Apollo 21 mission.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Donald K. Slayton, "Deke!" (New York: Forge, 1994), 262
  2. ^ Apollo 18, 19, and 20, at the Encyclopedia Astronautica
  3. ^ See, for example, Kosmos - News č. 24 (Czech) or Apollo 21 (German)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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Canceled Apollo missions
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