Camelina sativa
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| Camelina sativa L. Crantz |
Camelina sativa, usually known in English as gold-of-pleasure or false flax, also occasionally wild flax, linseed dodder, camelina, German sesame, and Siberian oilseed, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae which includes mustard, cabbage, rapeseed, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussels sprouts. It is native to Northern Europe and to Central Asian areas, but has been introduced to North America, possibly as a weed in flax.
It has been traditionally cultivated as an oilseed crop to produce vegetable oil and animal feed. There is ample archeological evidence to show it has been grown in Europe for at least 3,000 years. The earliest findsites include the Neolithic levels at Auvernier, Switzerland (dated to the second millennium BC), the Chalcolithic level at Pefkakia in Greece (dated to the third millennium BC), and Sucidava-Celei, Romania (circa 2200 BC).[1] During the Bronze age and Iron age it was an important agricultural crop in northern Greece beyond the current range of the olive. [2][3] It apparently continued to be grown at the time of the Roman Empire, although its Greek and Latin names are not known.[4] According to Zohary and Hopf, until the 1940's C. sativa was an important oil crop in eastern and central Europe, and currently has continued to be cultivated in a few parts of Europe for its seed which was used,[1] for example, in oil lamps (until the modern harnessing of natural and propane and electricity) and as an edible oil.
The crop is now being researched due to its exceptionally high levels (up to 45%) of omega-3 fatty acids, which is uncommon in vegetable sources. Over 50% of the fatty acids in cold pressed Camelina oil are polyunsaturated. The major components are alpha-linolenic acid - C18:3 (omega-3-fatty acid, approx 35-45%) and linoleic acid - C18:2 (omega-6 fatty acid, approx 15-20%). The oil is also very rich in natural antioxidants, such as tocopherols, making this highly stable oil very resistant to oxidation and rancidity. It has 1 - 3% erucic acid. The vitamin E content of camelina oil is approximately 110mg/100g. It is well suited for use as a cooking oil. It has an almond-like flavor and aroma. It may become more commonly known and become an important food oil for the future.
Because of its certain apparent health benefits and its technical stability gold-of-pleasure and camelina oil are being added to the growing list of foods considered as functional foods. Gold-of-pleasure is also of interest for its very low requirements for tillage and weed control. This could potentially allow vegetable oil to be produced more cheaply than from traditional oil crops, which would be particularly attractive to biodiesel producers looking for a feedstock cheap enough to allow them to compete with petroleum diesel and gasoline. A company in Seattle, Targeted Growth, is developing a variety of camelina that yields 20 percent more oil than the standard variety and can be grown on marginal lands with little water or fertilizer.[5]
The subspecies C. sativa subsp. linicola is considered a weed in flax fields. In fact, attempts to separate its seed from flax seeds with a winnowing machine over the years have selected for seeds which are similar in size to flax seeds, an example of Vavilovian mimicry.
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), pp. 138f
- ^ (Jones & Valamoti 2005, p. 575)
- ^ (Megaloudi 2006, p. 57)
- ^ (Dalby 2003, p. 161)
- ^ (Seattle Times , November 21, 2007)
[edit] References
- Dalby, Andrew (2003), written at London, New York, Food in the ancient world from A to Z, Routledge, ISBN 0415232597
- Jones, G. & Valamoti, S.M. (2005), “Lallemantia, an imported or introduced oil plant in Bronze Age northern Greece”, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14 (4): 571-577, DOI 10.1007/s00334-005-0004-z
- Megaloudi, Fragkiska (2006), written at Oxford, Plants and Diet in Greece from Neolithic to Classic Periods: the archaeobotanical remains, Archaeopress, ISBN 1841719498
- D.H. Putnam, J.T. Budin, L.A. Field, and W.M. Breene (1993) Camelina: A Promising Low-Input Oilseed. p. 314-322. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York.
- Seattle Times (Angel Gonzalez) (November 21, 2007), written at Seattle, WA, USA, Seeding the way to better biofuels
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