Caladenia

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Spider orchid
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Orchidoideae Tribe: Diurideae Subtribe: Caladeniinae Alliance: Caladenia Genus: Caladenia R.Br., 1810
Type species
Caladenia carnea R.Br. Prodr.: 324, 1810
Species
See text.

The genus Caladenia belongs to the subfamily Orchidoideae of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). The abbreviation Calda. is often used in trade journals to indicate the genus.

The subtribe Caladeniinae is considered polyphyletic, due to the alliance of Lyperanthus with the genera of Drakaeinae and Thelymitrinae.

Contents 1 Description 2 Synonyms 3 Species 4 Natural hybrids 5 Intergeneric hybrid 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Description

The scientific name is derived from the Greek words calos (meaning beautiful) and aden (meaning glands), referring to the colourful labellum and the glistening glands at the base of the column that adorn many of the species.

The genus was described by Robert Brown in 1810 from specimens that he sighted in most Australian states, as a member of Matthew Flinder's mapping and exploration visit that circumnavigated Australia. Brown, with assistants, spent just over three years in Australia on botanical research.

The species are small to medium-sized terrestrial orchids. A single, hairy, lanceolate to oblong, basal leaf arises through sympodial growth from underground tubers. The inflorescence is a panicle or raceme with 1 to 8 flowers, showing a fringed or dentate margin. These species have a complex interaction with pollinators, resulting in pseudocopulation.

They are mostly Australian and are from its southern areas. There are four species in New Zealand and another extends to New Caledonia, Indonesia and Malaysia. The south west corner of Western Australia contains the most spectacular and numerous species, varieties and natural hybrids. The huge variation of form and colour of the species leads to a bewildering array and abundance of hybrids. Many are morphologically difficult to separate with some defying separation at present.

Recent taxonomy revisions have, apparently, largely increased the number of species to more than 300 and split the genus into separate groups. For example, Caladenia filamentosa has been split into about 40 different species and subspecies, while a number of subspecies have been upgraded to the status of species (such as Caladenia fragrantissima subsp. orientalis to Caladenia orientalis). This further complicates the issues of identification. For example, Caladena ericksonea is, a naturally occurring hybrid of Caladena doutchiae and the red Caladena filamentosa and also of the hybrid of Caladena cairnsiana and the red Caladena filamentosa.

Whilst colour is an unreliable guide to identification with hybrids, it comes through strongly from one parent or the other for most hybrids whatever the parent species

Caladenia have generally proven difficult to maintain and cultivate artificially with those removed from their habitat rarely surviving more than a few years. The clumping of many of the species could be a result of tuber division or it could be because the seeds fall at the base of their parents and grow there.

The galleries demonstrate the huge variation within colonies and phytogeographic variation over the range north to south and east to west with ever changing climatic and habitat situations over the 150,000 km² of the south west of Western Australia.

[edit] Synonyms

Arachnorchis D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem, Caladeniastrum (Szlach.) Szlach., Calonemorchis Szlach., Drakonorchis (Hopper & A.P.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem., Glycorchis D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem., Jonesiopsis Szlach., Leptoceras (R.Br.) Lindl., Petalochilus R.S.Rogers, Phlebochilus (Benth.) Szlach. and Stegostyla D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem..

[edit] Species

There 243 species (as of 2005) and six subgenera.

Caladenia abbreviata Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia actensis D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1999 Caladenia aestiva D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia alata R.Br. 1810 Caladenia amnicola D.L.Jones 1997 Caladenia amoena D.L.Jones 1994 Caladenia anthracina D.L.Jones 1998 Caladenia applanata Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 - Flat Caladenia Caladenia applanata applanata Caladenia applanata erubescens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia arenaria Fitzg. 1882 Caladenia arenicola Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia argocalla D.L.Jones, 1991 Caladenia arrecta Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia atkinsonii Rodway 1923 Caladenia atradenia D.L.Jones, Molloy & M.A.Clem. 1997 Caladenia atrata D.L.Jones 1994 Caladenia atrochila D.L.Jones 1998 Caladenia atroclavia D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1988 Caladenia attenuata (Brinsley) D.L.Jones 2000 Caladenia attingens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia attingens attingens Caladenia attingens gracillima Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia audasii R.S.Rogers 1927 Caladenia aurantiaca (R.S.Rogers) Rupp 1947 Caladenia australis G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia barbarella Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia barbarossa Rchb.f. 1871 - Bearded Caladenia Caladenia barbata Lindl. 1840 Caladenia bartlettii (Hatch) D.L.Jones 1997 Caladenia behrii Schltdl. 1847 Caladenia bicalliata R.S.Rogers 1909 Caladenia bicalliata bicalliata Caladenia bicalliata cleistogama Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia brachyscapa G.W.Carr 1988 Caladenia brevisura Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia brownii Hopper 2001 - Brown's Caladenia Caladenia brumalis D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia bryceana R.S.Rogers 1914 - Bryce's Caladenia Caladenia bryceana subsp. bryceana Caladenia bryceana subsp. cracens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia busselliana Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia caesarea (Domin) M.A.Clem. & Hopper, 1989 Caladenia caesarea caesarea Caladenia caesarea maritima Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia caesarea subsp. transiens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia cairnsiana F.Muell. 1870 - Cairns Caladenia Caladenia calcicola G.W.Carr 1986 Caladenia callitrophila D.L.Jones 1999 Caladenia calyciformis (R.S.Rogers) Hopper & A.P.Br. 2004 Caladenia campbellii D.L.Jones 1998 Caladenia capillata (Tate) D.L.Jones 2000 - Daddy long leg orchid Caladenia cardiochila Tate 1887 - Thick-lipped spider orchid Caladenia carnea R.Br. 1810 - Pink fingers orchid Caladenia catenata (Sm.) Druce 1916 (publ. 1917) - White fingered orchid Caladenia caudata Nicholls 1948 Caladenia chamaephylla D.L.Jones 1999 Caladenia chapmanii Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia chlorostyla D.L.Jones, Molloy & M.A.Clem. 1997 Caladenia christineae Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia citrina Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia clarkiae D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia clavigera A.Cunn. ex Lindl. 1840 - Plain-lip spider orchid Caladenia clavula D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia cleistantha D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia coactilis D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia colorata D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia concinna (Rupp) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 1989 Caladenia concolor Fitzg. 1882 Caladenia conferta D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia congesta R.Br. 1810 - Black-tongue Caladenia Caladenia corynephora A.S.George 1971 - Helmet-carrying Caladenia Caladenia cracens D.L.Jones 1996 Caladenia crebra A.S.George 1971 Caladenia cristata R.S.Rogers 1923 - Comb-bearing Caladenia Caladenia cruciformis D.L.Jones 1999 Caladenia cruscula Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia cucullata Fitzg. 1876 - Hooded Caladenia Caladenia curtisepala D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia decora Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia denticulata Lindl. 1839 Caladenia dienema D.L.Jones 1998 Caladenia dilatata R.Br. 1810 Caladenia dimidia Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia dimorpha Fitzg. 1875 Caladenia discoidea Lindl. 1839 - Bee orchid Caladenia dorrienii Domin 1912 Caladenia doutchiae O.H.Sarg. 1921 - Doutch's Caladenia Caladenia drakeoides Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia drummondii Benth. 1873 - Drummond's Caladenia Caladenia dundasiae Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia echidnachila Nicholls 1933 Caladenia elegans Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia ensata Nicholls 1947 - Sword-shaped Caladenia Caladenia erythrochila Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia evanescens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia excelsa Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia exilis Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia exilis exilis Caladenia exilis vanleeuwenii Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia exstans Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia falcata (Nicholls) M.A.Clem. & Hopper 1989 - Sickle-shaped Caladenia Caladenia ferruginea Nicholls 1947 : Rust-red Caladenia Caladenia filamentosa R.Br. 1810 - Thread-shaped Caladenia, daddy long legs Caladenia filifera Lindl. 1839 Caladenia fitzgeraldii Rupp 1942 Caladenia flaccida D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia flava R.Br. 1810 : Cowslip orchid Caladenia flava flava Caladenia flava maculata Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia flava sylvestris Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia flavovirens G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia footeana Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia formosa G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia fragrantissima D.L.Jones & G.W.Carr 1989 - Fragrant Caladenia Caladenia fulva G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia fuscata (Rchb.f.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1989 - Dusky fingers orchid Caladenia fuscolutescens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia gardneri Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia georgei Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia gladiolata R.S.Rogers 1907 Caladenia gracilis R.Br. 1810 - Musky Caladenia Caladenia gracillima (Rupp) D.L.Jones 2000 Caladenia graminifolia A.S.George 1971 Caladenia graniticola (Hopper & A.P.Br.) Hopper & A.P.Br. 2004 Caladenia granitora Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia harringtoniae Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia hastata (Nicholls) Rupp 1942 Caladenia heberleana Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia helvina D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia hiemalis Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia hillmanii D.L.Jones 1994 Caladenia hirta Lindl. 1839 : Sugar Candy Orchid Caladenia hirta hirta Caladenia hirta rosea Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia hoffmanii Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia hoffmanii graniticola Hopper & A.P.Br (synonym of Arachnorchis graniticola (Hopper & A.P.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem 2005) Caladenia horistes Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia huegelii Rchb.f. 1871 - Grand slipper orchid Caladenia incensa Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia incrassata Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia infundibularis A.S.George 1984 Caladenia insularis G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia integra E.Coleman 1932 (publ. 1933) - Intact Caladenia Caladenia interjacens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia iridescens R.S.Rogers 1920 - Large White Spider Orchid Caladenia javanica Benn. ex Ridl. in H.O.Forbes 1885 Caladenia latifolia R.Br. 1810 - Broad leafed Caladenia, (Austr.) pink fairies

Caladenia leptochila Fitzg. 1882 - Delicate-lipped Caladenia Caladenia leptoclavia D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia lindleyana (Rchb.f.) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1989 Caladenia lobata Fitzg. 1882 - Lobed Caladenia Caladenia lodgeana Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longicauda Lindl. 1839 : Long-petaled Caladenia Caladenia longicauda albella Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longicauda australora Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longicauda borealis Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longicauda calcigena Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longicauda clivicola Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longicauda crassa Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longicauda eminens (Domin) Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longicauda longicauda Caladenia longicauda merrittii Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longicauda redacta Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longicauda rigidula Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longiclavata E.Coleman 1930 - Long-clubbed Caladenia Caladenia longifimbriata Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia longii R.S.Rogers 1932 Caladenia lorea Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia lowanensis G.W.Carr 1991 - Wimmera spider orchid Caladenia luteola Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia lyallii Hook.f. 1853 Caladenia macroclavia D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia macrostylis Fitzg. 1882 Caladenia magniclavata Nicholls 1947 - Large-clubbed Caladenia Caladenia magnifica (Nicholls) D.L.Jones & G.W.Carr 1989 Caladenia marginata Lindl. 1839 Caladenia maritima D.L.Jones 1999 Caladenia melanema Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia mentiens D.L.Jones 1998 Caladenia menziesii R.Br. 1810 Caladenia meridionalis Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia mesocera Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia microchila Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia minor Hook.f. 1853 Caladenia montana G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia multiclavia Rchb.f. 1871 Caladenia multiclavia brevicuspis Benth. 1873 Caladenia multiclavia multiclavia Caladenia nana Endl. in J.G.C.Lehmann 1846 - Dwarf Caladenia Caladenia nana nana Caladenia nana unita (W.Fitzg.) Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia necrophylla D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia nivalis Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia nobilis Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia nothofageti D.L.Jones, Molloy & M.A.Clem. 1997 Caladenia occidentalis Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia oenochila G.W.Carr 1991 - Red-lipped spider orchid Caladenia orientalis (G.W.Carr) Hopper & A.P.Br. 2004 Caladenia ornata (Nicholls) D.L.Jones 2000 Caladenia ovata R.S.Rogers 1909 Caladenia pachychila Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia pallida Lindl. 1840 Caladenia paludosa Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia paradoxa Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia parva G.W.Carr 1991 - Small Greencomb spider orchid Caladenia patersonii R.Br. 1810 Caladenia pectinata R.S.Rogers 1923 - Comb-like Caladenia Caladenia pendens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia pendens pendens Caladenia pendens talbotii Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia phaeoclavia D.L.Jones 1991 - Black-clubbed Caladenia Caladenia pholcoidea Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia pholcoidea augustensis Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia pholcoidea pholcoidea Caladenia picta (Nicholls) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones ex Chapm. 1991 Caladenia pilotensis D.L.Jones 1999 Caladenia plicata Fitzg. 1882 Caladenia polychroma Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia porphyrea D.L.Jones 1999 Caladenia postea Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia procera Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia pulchra Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia pumila R.S.Rogers 1922 Caladenia pusilla W.M.Curtis 1979 - Small-flowered Caladenia Caladenia quadrifaria (R.S.Rogers) D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia radialis R.S.Rogers 1927 - Ray-shaped Caladenia Caladenia radiata Nicholls 1949 - Rayed Caladenia Caladenia remota Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia remota parva Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia remota remota Caladenia reptans Lindl. 1839 - Crawling Caladenia Caladenia reptans impensa Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia reptans reptans Caladenia reticulata Fitzg. 1882 - Netted Caladenia Caladenia rhomboidiformis (E.Coleman) M.A.Clem. & Hopper 1989 - Diamond-shaped Caladenia Caladenia richardsiorum D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia rigens D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia rigida R.S.Rogers 1930 Caladenia rileyi D.L.Jones 1997 Caladenia robinsonii G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia roei Benth. 1873 - Roe's Caladenia Caladenia rosella G.W.Carr 1988 - Rosella spider orchid Caladenia saccata (R.S.Rogers) Hopper & A.P.Br. 2004 Caladenia saggicola D.L.Jones 1998 Caladenia sanguinea D.L.Jones 1999 Caladenia septuosa D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia serotina Hopper & A.P.Br. 2002 Caladenia sigmoidea R.S.Rogers 1938 Caladenia speciosa opper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia splendens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia startiorum opper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia stellata D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia stricta (R.J.Bates) R.J.Bates 1987 - Upright spider orchid Caladenia subtilis D.L.Jones 1999 Caladenia sylvicola D.L.Jones 1998 Caladenia tensa G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia tentaculata Tate 1889 - Large greencomb spider orchid Caladenia tessellata Fitzg. 1876 Caladenia testacea R.Br. 1810 Caladenia testacea hildae (Pescott & Nicholls) Nicholls 1939 Caladenia testacea testacea Caladenia thinicola Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia thysanochila G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia tonellii D.L.Jones 1998 Caladenia toxochila Tate 1889 - Bow-lip Orchid Caladenia transitoria D.L.Jones 1998 - Transitory Caladenia Caladenia uliginosa A.S.George 1984 Caladenia uliginosa candicans Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia uliginosa patulens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia uliginosa uliginosa Caladenia ultima Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia valida (Nicholls) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1989 Caladenia variegata Colenso 1885 Caladenia venusta G.W.Carr 1991 - Large white spider orchid Caladenia verrucosa G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia versicolor G.W.Carr 1991 Caladenia villosissima (G.W.Carr) Hopper & A.P.Br. 2004 Caladenia viridescens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia voigtii Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001: Voigt's Caladenia Caladenia vulgaris D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia vulgata Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia wanosa A.S.George 1984 Caladenia williamsiae Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia winfieldii Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia woolcockiorum D.L.Jones 1991 Caladenia xantha Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 Caladenia xanthochila D.Beards. & C.Beards 1992 Caladenia xantholeuca D.L.Jones 1991

[edit] Natural hybrids

• Caladenia × aestantha Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. corynephora × C. serotina) (synonym : Arachnorchis x aestantha (Hopper & A.P.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem, 2005)
• Caladenia × cala Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. falcata × C. longicauda) (synonym : Arachnorchis x cala (Hopper & A.P.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem 2005)
• Caladenia × coactescens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. crebra × C. longicauda) (synonym : Arachnorchis x coactescens (Hopper & A.P.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem 2005)
• Caladenia × eludens Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. chapmanii × C. splendens)
• Caladenia × enigma Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. barbarossa × C. longicauda)
• Caladenia × ericksonae Nicholls 1950 (C. cairnsiana × C. filifera)
• Caladenia × erminea Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. flava × C. marginata)
• Caladenia × exoleta Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. dimidia × C. roei)
• Caladenia × exserta Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. longicauda × C. uliginosa) (synonym : Arachnorchis x exserta (Hopper & A.P.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem 2005)
• Caladenia × hypata Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. lobata × C. longicauda) (synonym : Arachnorchis x hypata (Hopper & A.P.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem 2005)
• Caladenia × idiastes Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. gardneri × C. latifolia)
• Caladenia × lavandulacea R.S.Rogers 1927 (C. denticulata × C. doutchiae)
• Caladenia × ornata Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. drakeoides × C. exilis)
• Caladenia × resupina Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. horistes × C. multiclavia)
• Caladenia × spectabilis Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. flava × C. latifolia)
• Caladenia × suffusa Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. hirta × C. longicauda) (synonym : Arachnorchis x suffusa (Hopper & A.P.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem 2005)
• Caladenia × triangularis R.S.Rogers 1927 (C. flava × C. longicauda)
• Caladenia × tryphera Hopper & A.P.Br. 2001 (C. microchila × C. sigmoidea)
• Caladenia × variabilis Nicholls 1950 (C. cardiochila × C. fragrantissima)

[edit] Intergeneric hybrid

• xCalassodia (Caladenia x Glossodia)

[edit] References

• Stephen D. Hopper and Andrew P. Brown (2004). "Robert Brown's Caladenia revisited, including a revision of its sister genera Cyanicula, Ericksonella and Pheladenia (Caladeniinae: Orchidaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 17 (2): 171–240. doi:10.1071/SB03002. 
• New species in Orchid Research Newsletter No. 47 (January 2006) (Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew)

[edit] External links

• Gallery of images