Buyid dynasty

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The Buyids (Caspian:Bowyiyün) (Persian: آل بویه), also known as Buwaihids, Buyyids, or Āl-i Būya, are an Iranian^[1][2][3] people who founded a Shi'a dynastic confederation of Persia from Daylaman, a region in northern Iran, on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.

In pre-Islamic times they had served as mercenaries for the Sasanian kings of Iran, but were independent from their rule.^{[citation needed]} They were considered a formidable military force, especially because of their ability as foot soldiers. Succession of power was hereditary, with fathers dividing their land among their sons. During the time of Harun al-Rashid, the Alid people sought refuge among them.

The start of the Buwayhid confederation was led by Ali b. Buya and his two younger brothers, al-Hasan and Ahmad. After having secured a partnership with an important Persian landowner named Zayd b. Ali al-Nawbandajani, Ali was able to recruit an army to defeat a Turkish general from Baghdad named Yaqut (General) in 934. After that they established power within the crumbling Abbasid empire in the form of a confederation rather than a new empire. The Buwayhids were Persian revivalists. While accepting the titular authority of the caliph in Baghdad, Buwayhid rulers assumed control as the "Grand Vizier". In fact, they used the ancient Sassanid title Shâhanshâh (شاهنشاه), literally king of kings.^[4]

During the 900s, Buwayhid dynasties took power in Fars (southwestern Iran, 934-1062); Rayy (977-1029); Jibal (932-1028); Kerman (936-1048). From 945-1055, a Buwayhid dynasty ruled Baghdad and most of Iraq.

During the mid-1000s, the Buwayhid dynasties all fell to the Seljuq dynasty or their allies.

Contents 1 Buwayhid amirs 1.1 Major amirs 1.2 Minor Rulers 2 References 3 See also 4 Links

[edit] Buwayhid amirs

[edit] Major amirs

Generally, the three most powerful Buwayhid amirs at any given time were those in control of Fars, Jibal and Iraq. Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buwayhid amir ever exercised direct control of all three regions.

Daylamids of Fars

• Ali b. Buya ('Imad ad-Dawla) 934-949
• Fana Khusraw ('Adud ad-Dawla) 949-983
• Shirzil b. Fana Khusraw (Sharaf ad-Dawla) 983-989
• Marzuban b. Fana Khusraw (Samsam ad-Dawla) 989-998
• Firuz b. Fana Khusraw (Baha' ad-Dawla) 998-1012
• Abu Shuja' b. Firuz (Sultan ad-Dawla) 1012-1024
• Abu Kalijar Marzuban b. Abu Shuja' (Imad al-Din) 1024-1048
• Khusraw Firuz b. Marzuban (Abu Nasr al-Malik al-Rahim) 1048-1055
• Fulad Sultan b. Marzuban (Abu Mansur) 1055-1062

Power in Fars seized by the Shabankara Kurdish Chief Fadluya

Daylamids of Rey

• Rukn ad-Dawla 935-976
• Fakhr ad-Dawla 976-980
• Mu'ayyed ad-Dawla 980-983
• Fakhr ad-Dawla (restored) 984-997
• Majd ad-Dawla 997-1029

To the Ghaznavids.

Daylamids of Iraq

• Mu'izz ad-Dawla 945-967
• 'Izz ad-Dawla 966-978
• 'Adud ad-Dawla 978-983
• Samsam ad-Dawla 983-987
• Sharaf ad-Dawla 987-989
• Baha' ad-Dawla 989-1012
• Sultan ad-Dawla 1012-1021
• Musharrif ad-Dawla 1021-1025
• Jalal ad-Dawla 1025-1044
• Abu Kalijar 1044-1048
• al-Malik ar-Rahim 1048-1055

To the Seljuks.

[edit] Minor Rulers

It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buwayhid members to take control of a province and begin ruling there. Note: the following list is incomplete.

Buwayhids of Basra

• Diya' al-Daula 980s

To the Buwayhids of Fars.

Buwayhids of Hamadan

• Mu'ayyad al-Daula 976-983
• Shams al-Daula 997-1021
• Sama' al-Daula 1021-1024

To the Kakuyids.

Buwayhids of Kerman

• Qawam al-Daula 1012-1028

To the Buwayhids of Fars.

Buwayhids of Khuzistan

• Taj al-Daula 980s

To the Buwayhids of Fars.

[edit] References

1. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica: DEYLAMITES
2. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1996. pg 154-155.
3. ^ "Buyid Dynasty." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Jan. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018373>. Excerpt:Islamic dynasty of pronounced Iranian and Shi'i character that provided native rule in western Iran and Iraq in the period between the Arab and Turkish conquests. Of Daylamite (northern Iranian) origin, the line was founded by the three sons of Buyeh (or Buwayh), 'Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad.
4. ^ See:
   • Patrick Clawson. Eternal Iran. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6 p. 19
   • The most thorough treatment of the Buyids is: The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad by Mafizullah Kabir. Calcutta. Iran Society. 1964

Another excellent discussion of the Buyids is Harvard professor Roy Mottahedeh's Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society

[edit] See also

• Full list of Iranian Kingdoms

[6] The Buyid Domination as the Historical Background for the Flourishing of Muslim Scholarship During the 4th/10th Century by Dr. M. Ismail Marcinkowski*

[edit] Links

• Encyclopedia Iranica: DEYLAMITES
• [1] The Buyid Domination as the Historical Background for the Flourishing of Muslim Scholarship During the 4th/10th Century by Dr. M. Ismail Marcinkowski]