Burkholderia gladioli
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| Burkholderia gladioli | ||||||||||||||
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| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||
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| Binomial name | ||||||||||||||
| Burkholderia gladioli (Zopf 1885) Yabuuchi et al. 1993 |
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| Type strain | ||||||||||||||
| ATCC 10248 CCUG 1782 CFBP 2427 CIP 105410 DSM 4285 HAMBI 2157 ICMP 3950 JCM 9311 LMG 2216 NBRC 13700 NCCB 38018 NCPPB 1891 NCTC 12378 NRRL B-793 |
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| Synonyms | ||||||||||||||
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Pseudomonas gladioli Severini 1913 |
Formally Pseudomonas marginata
Contents |
[edit] Introduction
Burkholderia gladioli is a soil bacterium that is responsible for food poisoning, especially in China. It is known to produce bongkrekic acid and toxoflavin [1].
The genus Burkholderia was previously named Pseudomonas. The genus Burkholderia is one of the seven genera that arose when the Pseudomonas genus was divided based on rRNA differences. [2]. Burkholderia gladioli is closely related to, and often mistaken for, a member of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. This includes ten closely related species, which are all plant pathogens.
Burkholderia gladioli is divided into three pathovars: pv. gladioli, pv. allicola, and pv. agaricicola. B. gladioli pv. gladioli causes gladiolus rot, B. gladioli pv. alliicola causes onion bulb rot, and B. gladioli pv. agaricicola causes soft rot in mushrooms [3]
[edit] Habitat
Burkholderia can be found in the soil, in water, in the rhizosphere, in animals, and in humans. Many are either plant or animal pathogens, and some live in symbiosis with plants and fungi. [4]
[edit] Identification
Burkholderia are motile, Gram negative rods that may be straight of slightly curved. The are aerobic, catalase positive, urease positive, nonsporeformers. They grow on MacConkey agar, but do not ferment the lactose. Burkholderia gladioli can be distinguished from the other Burkholderia because it is oxidase negative [5] B. gladioli is indole negative, nitrate negative, and lysine decorboxylation negative[6]
On the molecular level, PCR can be used to distinguish between the different Burkholderia species. According to Furuya et al, the ribosomal RNA gene is highly conserved and universally distributed in all living things, and therefore difference in the DNA sequences between 16S and 23S rRNA genes can be used to differentiate between the species. [7]
The primers used for the amplification of the 16S to 23S region in the B. gladioli genome are as follows: GLA-f 5'-(CGAGCTAATACCGCGAAA)-3' and GLA-r 5'-(AGACTCGAGTCAACTGA)-3' Using these primers for PCR results in an amplicon of approximately 300bp. [8]
[edit] Genomics
All members of the Burkholderia genus have multireplicon genomes. They are able to keep "essential housekeeping" genes on the largest chromosome This largest chromosome has a single origin of replication. The gene order and GC composition is conserved as well. Members of the Burkholderia genus are able to capture and retain foreign DNA. The foreign DNA can be detected by looking for atypical GC context areas. One of the first foreign DNA segments ditected this way encoded for virulence.[9]
[edit] Phytopathology
Burkholderia gladioli is a plant pathogen. Strains have been isolated from onions, Gladiolus, Iris, and rice. It was originally described to have caused rot of gladiolus corms. The bulbs can become watersoaked and decay.
Some other common symptoms of infected plants can be seen in the leaves. The leaves contain brown legions, and they may become watersoaked. Other symptoms are the wilting and/or rot of roots, stems, and petals. B. gladioli has also been identified as the causative agent in leaf-sheath browning in gladiolas and onions. Sometimes, the whole plant decays. [10]
One widespread plant disease caused by Burkholderia gladioli is called scab. It can be seen on Gladiolus corms as water-soaked brown spots, outlined in yellow. Eventually, they can become hollow and surrounded by scabs. If the scabs fall off, they leave behind cavities or lesions. [11]
 Gladiolus plant inoculated with B. gladioli |
[edit] Human Pathogenesis
Burkholderia gladioli is an opportunistic pathogen that has become an important agent for nosocomial infections. It has recently appeared as a severe pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis, causing severe pulmonary infections [12], and it has also colonized in the respiratoy tracts of patients with granulomatous disease. These infections can be lethal.
B. gladioli colonization in the airways of lung transplant patients can be fatal. Patients have developed bacteremia and sterile wound infections as a result. [13]
[edit] Links
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=88710
http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3459.htm
[edit] References
- ^ Zhao, et al. "Phylogenetic evidence for the transfer of Pseudomonas cocovenenans (van Damme et al. 1960) to the genus Burkholderia as Burkholderia cocovenenans (van Damme et al. 1960) comb. nov." Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1995 Jul; 45(3):600-3. PMID 8590691
- ^ Prescott, L. M., Harley, J. P., & Klein, D. A. (2005). Bacteria: The Proteobacteria. In Microbiology, 6th Edition (pp. 482-483). New York: McGraw-Hill.
- ^ Jiao, Zhenquan, et. al. (2003). Need to Differentiate Lethal Toxin-Producing Strains of Burkholderia gladioli, Which Cause Seere Food Poisoning: Description of B. gladioli Pathovar cocovenenans and an Emended Description of B. gladioli. Microbiol. Immunol, 915-925.
- ^ Stoyanova, M., Pavlina, I., Moncheva, P., & Bogatzevska, N. (2007, March). Biodiversity and Incidence of Burkholderia Species. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq., 47: 306-310.
- ^ Coenye, Tom, and Vandamme, Peter. (2007). Burkholderia: Molecular Microbiology and Genomics. Horizon Bioscience
- ^ Graves, Margot, et. al. (1997, October). Four Additional Cases of Burkholderia gladioli Infection with Microbiological Correlates and Review. CID. 838-842.
- ^ Furuya, Naruto. (2002). Specific Oligonucleotide Primers Based on Sequences of the 16S-23S rDNA Spacer Region for the Detection of Burkholderia gladioli by PCR. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 68:220-224
- ^ Furuya, Naruto. (2002). Specific Oligonucleotide Primers Based on Sequences of the 16S-23S rDNA Spacer Region for the Detection of Burkholderia gladioli by PCR. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 68:220-224
- ^ Coenye, Tom, and Vandamme, Peter. (2007). Burkholderia: Molecular Microbiology and Genomics. Horizon Bioscience
- ^ Stoyanova, M., Pavlina, I., Moncheva, P., & Bogatzevska, N. (2007, March). Biodiversity and Incidence of Burkholderia Species. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq., 47: 306-310.
- ^ http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/pdf_pubs/651.pdf
- ^ Stoyanova, M., Pavlina, I., Moncheva, P., & Bogatzevska, N. (2007, March). Biodiversity and Incidence of Burkholderia Species. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq., 47: 306-310.
- ^ www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/114/2/658.pdf
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