Buck Rogers
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| Buck Rogers | |
 Poster for Buck Rogers serial, 1939 |
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| Publication information | |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Amazing Stories |
| First appearance | August, 1928 |
| Created by | Philip Francis Nowlan |
| In story information | |
| Alter ego | Anthony Rogers |
| Team affiliations | Wilma Deering, Dr. Huer |
Buck Rogers is a fictional character who first appeared in 1928 as Anthony Rogers, the hero of two novellas by Philip Francis Nowlan published in the magazine Amazing Stories. [1] Rogers is best known from the long-running syndicated newspaper comic strip. He also appeared in a movie serial, a television series, and in many other formats.
The adventures of Buck Rogers comic strips, movies, radio, and television became an important part of American pop culture. This pop phenomenon paralleled the development of space technology in the twentieth century and introduced Americans to outer space as a familiar environment for swashbuckling adventure.
Buck Rogers has been credited with bringing into popular media the concept of space exploration, following in the footsteps of literary pioneers such as Jules Verne, H.G. Wells and Edgar Rice Burroughs (John Carter of Mars).
Contents |
[edit] Amazing Stories
The character first appeared as Anthony Rogers, the central character of Philip Francis Nowlan's novella Armageddon 2419 A.D., in the August 1928 issue of the pulp magazine Amazing Stories.
While surveying an abandoned mine, Rogers, a former United States Army Air Corps officer, falls into a coma after exposure to a leaking gas, and awakes in the twenty-fifth century. Together with his new comrades, the beautiful Wilma Deering and the intrepid Dr. Huer, he struggles to rid the world of evil warlords and "Mongol" hordes.
Armageddon 2419 A.D.'s sequel, The Airlords of Han, appeared in the March 1929 issue of Amazing Stories. The story's enemy force, the Han, were later renamed Mongols.
In 1933, Nowlan and Dick Calkins co-wrote Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, a novella that retold the origin of Buck Rogers and also summarized some of his adventures. A reprint of this work was included with the first edition of the 1995 novel Buck Rogers: A Life in the Future by Martin Caidin.
In the 1960s, Nowlan's two novellas were combined by editor Donald A. Wollheim into one paperback novel, titled Armageddon 2419 A.D. [2] The original 40-cent edition featured a cover by Ed Emshwiller.
[edit] Comic strip
The story of Anthony Rogers in Amazing Stories caught the attention of John F. Dille, president of the National Newspaper Service syndicate, and he arranged for the author, Philip Francis Nowlan, to turn it into a comic strip for Dille's syndication company. The comic strip was named "Buck Rogers", the name that was used for the character from then on. Dille assigned staff artist Dick Calkins to the project. Some have suggested that Dille coined the nickname "Buck" based on a 1920s cowboy character named Buck Jones.
On January 7, 1929 Buck Rogers in the 25th Century A.D., the first science fiction comic strip, debuted. Coincidentally, this was also the date that the Tarzan comic strip began.
On 30 March 1930 a Sunday strip joined the Buck Rogers daily. There was, as yet, no established convention for the same character having different adventures in the Sunday strip and the daily strip (many newspapers carried one but not the other) and so the Sunday strip at first followed the adventures of Buck's young friend Buddy Deering, Wilma Deering's younger brother, and Buddy's girlfriend Alura. It was some time before Buck made his first appearance in a Sunday strip. Other prominent characters in the Sunday strip included Dr. Huer, who punctuated his speech with the exclamation "Heh!," the villainous Killer Kane and his paramour Ardala, and Black Barney, who began as a space pirate but later became Buck's friend and ally.
Like many popular comic strips of the day, Buck Rogers was reprinted in Big Little Books, illustrated text adaptations of the daily strip stories, and in a collectible Buck Rogers Pop-Up Book.
Before Buck Rogers, there was no precedent for a serial comic strip, so the genesis of the strip was the creative work of several different people. Phil Nowlan is credited with the idea of serializing Buck Rogers, based on his novel Armageddon 2419 and its Amazing Stories sequels. Nowlan approached John Dille, who saw the opportunity to serialize the stories as a newspaper comic strip. Dick Calkins, an advertising artist, drew the earliest daily strips, and Russell Keaton drew the earliest Sunday strips. Soon, Keaton wanted to switch to drawing another strip written by Calkins-- Skyroads-- so the syndicate advertised for an assistant, and hired Rick Yager in 1932. Yager had formal art training at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts and was a talented watercolor artist (all the strips were done in ink and watercolor). Yager also had connections with the Chicago newspaper industry, since his father, Charles Montross Yager, was the publisher of The Modern Miller (Rick Yager was at one time employed to write the "Auntie's Advice" column for the newspaper). Yager quickly moved from inker and writer of the Buck Rogers "sub-strip" (early Sunday strips had a small sub-strip running below) to writer and artist of the Sunday strip and eventually the daily strips.
Authorship of early strips is extremely difficult to ascertain. The signatures at the bottoms of the strips are not accurate indicators of authorship; Calkins' signature appears long after his involvement ended, and few of the other artists signed the artwork, while many pages are unsigned. Yager probably had complete control of Buck Rogers Sunday strips from about 1940 on, with Len Dworkins joining later as assistant. Dick Locher was also an assistant in the 1950s. For all of its reference to modern technology, the strip itself was produced in an old fashioned manner--all strips began as India ink drawings on Strathmore paper, and a smaller duplicate (sometimes redrawn by hand) was hand-colored with watercolors. Miami University, Oxford Ohio, has an extensive collection of original artwork. The strip's artists also worked on a variety of tie-in promotions such as comic books, toys, model rockets, etc..
The relations between the artists of the strip (Yager et al.) and the owners of the strip (the Syndicate) became acrimonious, and in mid-1958, the artists quit (See Time Magazine June 30, 1958). Murphy Anderson was a temporary replacement, but he did not stay long, and final installment of the original comic strip was published on 8 July 1967.
The comic strip was revived in 1979 by Gray Morrow and Jim Lawrence. The strip was retitled Buck Rogers in the 25th Century in 1980, and longtime comic book writer Cary Bates would sign on from 1981 until the strip's ending in 1983.
- See also: List of Buck Rogers comic strips
[edit] Radio show
In 1932, the Buck Rogers radio program, notable as the first science fiction show on radio, hit the airwaves. The radio program aired four times a week for 15 years, from 1932 through 1947.
The radio show again related the story of our hero Buck finding himself in the 25th Century. Actors Matt Crowley, Curtis Arnall, Carl Frank, and John Larkin all voiced him at various times. The beautiful and strong-willed Wilma Dearing was portrayed by Adele Ronson, and the brilliant scientist and inventor Dr. Huer was played by Edgar Stehli.
The radio series was produced and directed by Carlo De Angelo and later by Jack Johnstone.
Johnstone recalled in 1988 how he worked with the sound effects of Ora Nichols to produce the sound of the rockets using an air-conditioning vent. [1]
[edit] Film and TV adaptations
[edit] World's Fair
A 10 minute Buck Rogers film premiered at the 1933-1934 World's Fair in Chicago. John Dille Jr. (son of strip baron John F. Dille) starred in the film, which was called Buck Rogers in the 25th Century: An Interplanetary Battle with the Tiger Men of Mars.
This rare promotional film has recently been shown at the May 2007 Windy City Pulp Convention in Chicago, Illinois, the July 2006 Pulpcon in Dayton, Ohio.
[edit] Department store promotion movie
According to Robert Lesser's 1975 book "A celebration of Comic Art and Memorabilia" ISBN 0-8015-1456-8, a special movie short was produced in 1936. This was designed to be shown in department stores to promote Buck Rogers merchandise. This live action short, presented "a series of exciting scenes and is complete with sound effects." "A special cast was employed to produce the picture which was filmed in the studios of the Action Film Company, Chicago, under the personal direction and supervision of Dr. Harlan Tarbell." The characters in the short include Buck, Wilma, Dr. Huer, Killer Kane, Ardala, King Grallo of the Martian Tiger Men and Mechanical Robots. Unfortunately, this film has not been shown since the 1930s. A few stills from the production were included in Lesser's book.
[edit] Movie serial
A 12-part Buck Rogers film serial was produced in 1939 by Universal Pictures Company. In this version Buck Rogers and his young friend Buddy Wade are involved in a dirigible accident in a remote place. Immediately afterwards they somehow get into suspended animation waiting for rescue. When they are finally discovered and revived, they learn that 500 years have passed. A tyrannical dictator named “Killer Kane” and his henchmen now run the world. Buck and Buddy must now save the world, and they do so with the help of Lieutenant Wilma Deering and Prince Tallen of Saturn.
The serial had a small budget and saved money on special effects by re-using material from other stories: background shots from the futuristic musical Just Imagine (1930), as the city of the future, the garishly stenciled walls from the Azura palace set in Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars, as Kane's penthouse suite, and the "Strato-Sleds" of Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars, as mock-ups of the flying machines. Between 1953 and the mid-1970s, this film serial was edited into three different and distinct feature film versions.
[edit] 1950-1951 ABC television series
The first version of Buck Rogers to appear on television, debuted on ABC on April 15, 1950 and ran until January 30, 1951.[2] Its time slot initially was on Saturdays at 6:00 P.M., and each episode was 30 minutes in length. Later, the program was rescheduled to Tuesday at 7:00 P.M. where it ran against the popular Texaco Star Theater hosted by Milton Berle which trounced Buck Rogers in the ratings, and led to the series' cancellation.
There were a number of changes to the cast during the show's short duration. Three actors played Buck Rogers in the series: Earl Hammond, Kem Dibbs and Robert Pastene. Two notable actresses portrayed Wilma Deering in the series, Eva Marie Saint and Lou Prentis. Two actors would also play the role of Dr. Huer: Harry Southern and also Sanford Bickart.
The series was directed by Babette Henry, written by Gene Wyckoff and produced by Joe Cates and Babette Henry.
The series was broadcast live from station WENR-TV, the ABC affiliate in Chicago, Illinois. There are no known surviving kinescopes of the first Buck Rogers television series.
[edit] Motion picture and 1979–1981 NBC television series
In 1979, Buck Rogers was revived and updated for a prime-time television series for NBC Television. The pilot film was released to cinemas on March 30, 1979. Good box-office returns led NBC to commission a full series, which started in September 1979.
The series starred Gil Gerard as Capt. William "Buck" Rogers, a US Air Force pilot who commands Ranger 3, a space shuttle that is launched in 1987. Because of a freak combination of gases, he is frozen in space for 504 years and is revived in the 25th century. There, he learns that the Earth was united following a devastating nuclear war in 1988, and is now under the protection of the Earth Defense Forces, headquartered in New Chicago. The latest threat to Earth comes from the spaceborne armies of the planet Draconia, who are planning an invasion.
Co-starring in the series were Erin Gray as crack Starfighter pilot Col. Wilma Deering, and Tim O'Connor as Dr. Elias Huer, head of Earth Defense Forces, and a former star pilot himself. Ardala appeared (played by Pamela Hensley), as a Draconian princess supervising her father's armies, with Kane (played by Henry Silva in the film; by Michael Ansara in the series) as her enforcer, a gender reversal of the original characters where Ardala was Killer Kane's sidekick. Although Black Barney did not appear as a character in the series, there was a character named Barney Smith (played by James Sloyan) who appeared in the two-part episode, "Plot to Kill a City." New characters added for the series included a comical robot named Twiki (embodied by Felix Silla, with voice provided by Mel Blanc), who becomes Buck's personal assistant, and Dr. Theopolis (voice by Eric Server), a computer brain Twiki carries around.
The series ran for two seasons on NBC. Broadcast of the second season was delayed until 1981 due to a writers' strike in 1980. When the series returned it had been retooled in a manner which was strikingly similar to a previous Glen Larson produced series, Battlestar Galactica. Now rather than defending Earth, Buck and Wilma were on a mission to track down the lost colonies of humanity aboard the deep-space exploration vessel "Searcher." The series was cancelled at the end of the 1980-1981 season, but remains a cult favorite 25 years later.
Two novels based upon the series by Addison E. Steele were published: a novelization of the 1979 feature film, and That Man on Beta, an adaptation of an unproduced teleplay.
[edit] Role-playing games and spinoffs
[edit] Buck Rogers XXVC
In 1988, TSR, Inc. created a game setting based on Buck Rogers, called Buck Rogers XXVC (abbreviated XXVC here). Many products were produced that were set in this universe, including comic books, novels, role-playing game material and video games. In the role-playing game, the player characters were allied to Buck Rogers and NEO (the New Earth Organisation) in their fight against RAM (a Russian-American corporation based on Mars). The games also extensively featured "gennies" (genetically enhanced organisms). The gameplay of "Buck Rogers - Battle for the 25th Century" boardgame by TSR dealt with token movement and resource management. There is purported to be a single expansion for the boardgame called the Martian Wars Expansion, but it is not known if this was ever released.
[edit] XXVC books
From 1990 to 1991, ten 'comics modules' set in the XXVC universe were published, entitled Rude Awakening #1 - #3, Black Barney #1 - #3. and Martian Wars #1 -#4. These shared the numbering as a series issues #1 - #10 with issue #10 as a flip-book with Intruder #10. There has been speculation that two more stories were printed but not widely distributed.
Ten paperback novels set in the XXVC universe were published, starting in 1990: Arrival, The Martian Wars Trilogy, Rebellion 2456, Hammer of Mars, Armageddon off Vesta, The Inner Planets Trilogy consisting of First Power Play, Prime Squared and Matrix Cubed and the Invaders of Charon trilogy consisting of The Genesis Web, Nomads of the Sky and Warlords of Jupiter.
[edit] XXVC video games
In 1990, Strategic Simulations, Inc. released a video game, Countdown to Doomsday, for the Commodore 64, IBM PC, Sega Mega Drive, and other platforms. They released a sequel, Matrix Cubed, in 1992.
[edit] High-Adventure Cliffhangers
In 1995, TSR created a new and unrelated Buck Rogers role-playing game called High-Adventure Cliffhangers. This was a return to the themes of the original Buck Rogers comic strips. This game included biplanes and interracial warfare, as opposed to the space combat of the earlier game. There were only a few expansion modules created for High-Adventure Cliffhangers. Shortly afterward, the game was discontinued, and the production of Buck Rogers RPGs and games came to an end. This game was neither widely advertised nor very popular. There were only two published products: the box set, and "War Against the Han".
[edit] Planet of Zoom video game
Sega released the 3D (using a periscope style viewer and LCD shutters to establish the effect) arcade video game Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom in 1983. The user controls a spaceship that must destroy enemy ships and avoid obstacles; Buck is never seen, except assumedly in the illustration on the side of the game cabinet, and its only real connections to Buck Rogers are the use of the name and the outer space setting. Home versions were released for the Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari XE, ColecoVision, Coleco Adam, Intellivision, MSX and Sega Master System video game systems, and the Commodore VIC-20, Commodore 64, Texas Instruments TI-99/4A, and ZX Spectrum computers. A version for IBM PC using CGA graphics was also available.[3][4][5][6]
[edit] Later novels
Sequels to Armageddon 2419 A.D. were written in the 1980s by other authors. The novels include:
- Mordred by John Eric Holmes ( Ace, January 1981, ISBN 0-441-54220-4 )
- Warrior's Blood by Richard S. McEnroe ( Ace, January 1981, ISBN 0-441-87333-2 )
- Warrior's World by Richard S. McEnroe ( Ace, October 1981, ISBN 0-441-87338-3 )
- Rogers' Rangers by John Silbersack ( Ace, August 1983, ISBN 0-441-73380-8 )
Numerous novelists have "reinvented" the Buck Rogers mythos over the years, including:
- M.S. Murdock, who wrote a trilogy of novels in the early 1990s (See Buck Rogers XXVC, the setting for this work.)
- Buck Rogers: A Life in the Future by Martin Caidin, a standalone novel retelling the original story. ISBN 0-7869-0144-6
[edit] Ownership
Licensing rights to the Buck Rogers character was initially owned by the National Newspaper Service. The National Newspaper service became the John F. Dille Company.[citation needed]
In 1979, Leisure Concepts, Inc. (now 4Kids Ent.) as licensing agent for Robert C. Dille licensed the television series to Universal Studios which starred Gil Gerard.[citation needed]
Robert C. Dille formed The Dille Family Trust in the 1980s. Leisure Concepts no longer represents the rights to Buck Rogers.[citation needed] Lorraine Dille Williams owned TSR, Inc., publisher of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, prior to selling the company to Wizards of the Coast.[citation needed] TSR published a Buck Rogers role-playing game and related products.
The Dille Family Trust has continuously owned and enforced its trademarks and copyrights to Buck Rogers, Rocket Rangers and other marks to this day.[citation needed] A motion picture was licensed to Walt Disney studios in the late 1990s; those rights have since reverted to the Dille Family Trust.[citation needed] Flint Dille represents the Dille Family Trust interests.[citation needed]
[edit] Toys
In the mid-1930's, "ray guns", modelled on the pistol-like weapons used in the Buck Rogers comic strip, were popular toys. The premier such toy was the disintegrator ray, gold in color and flashing sparks, with a scientific discussion of its workings by Dr. Huer printed on the box.
[edit] Influence on language and popular culture
Buck Rogers' name has become proverbial in such expressions as "Buck Rogers outfit" for a protective suit that looks like a spacesuit.[citation needed] For many years, all the general American public knew about science fiction was what they read in the funny papers, and their opinion of science fiction was formed accordingly.[citation needed] Another phrase in common use before 1950 was "As crazy as flying to the moon," and serious science fiction fans were often derided about "that crazy Buck Rogers stuff." [3]
In 2001, British rock band Feeder released a single entitled "Buck Rogers". Even though the lyrics had no reference to the show, the title was given to the song as the bands frontman Grant Nicholas created a keyboard piece which he felt sounded "futuristic", and therefore named it after the TV show as a working title due to being set in the future itself. The name stuck when it was used as the basis of the song that followed. It became the band's first top 10 hit.
The creators of the American television series Farscape have often stated that the show's central premise of an astronaut sent to a distant part of the universe could be seen as "Buck Rogers on acid."[citation needed]
[edit] Satire
Such was the fame of Buck Rogers that it became the basis for one of the most fondly remembered science fiction spoofs in a series of Daffy Duck cartoons. The first of these was Duck Dodgers in the 24-1/2th Century, which was directed by Chuck Jones in 1953. There were also two sequels to this cartoon, and ultimately a Duck Dodgers television series.
Although not entirely satirical, a recent two-part South Park episode (Episode 1012 - Go God Go) and (Episode 1013 - Go God Go XII) of the animated series [4]pays homage to the Buck Rogers TV series (original airdate 11/1/06). This episode features Eric Cartman entering a self-inflicted cryogenic state (to wait for the Nintendo Wii to be available in stores), only to be covered by an avalanche. He is thawed 500 years later, leading to the TV series theme song and opening montage spoof/homage. This is a two part episode. Part 2 aired the following week with Eric continuing in his quest to find a Nintendo Wii in the 25th century. The opening of the episode pays yet more homage to the Buck Rogers TV series with an almost identical spoof of the show's intro.
The fourteenth episode of Robot Chicken's second season featured a skit involving Buck Rogers attempting to help some aliens win a space battle, but ended with him losing his temper after the aliens continually mispronounced his name "Fuck Rogers" (The word "fuck" was censored but implied when televised, yet uncensored on the Season 2 DVD). It was revealed at the end of the skit that Twiki intentionally told the aliens to call him Fuck Rogers, in an attempt to emulate human comedy.
A reference to Buck Rogers may also be seen in the Fallout 2 computer game, in the person of "Chuck Stodgers", a character in a secret location in Broken Hills.
In the film The Right Stuff, the phrase 'No bucks, no Buck Rogers' is used to describe what makes rockets go up, namely funding.
[edit] References
- Strickler, Dave. Syndicated Comic Strips and Artists, 1924-1995: The Complete Index. Cambria, CA: Comics Access, 1995. ISBN 0-9700077-0-1.
[edit] External links
Buck Rogers at the Open Directory Project
- [7] Full public domain Buck Rogers + Flash Gordon radio serials + Flash Gordon movie serial for download, search in audio section and moving images section
[edit] See also
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