Brothertown Indians
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The Brothertown Indians (also Brotherton) are Native American descendants of the Pequot and Mohegan (Algonquian-speaking) tribes in southern New England. The Brothertown Indians were the first tribe of Native Americans in the United States to become United States citizens and relinquish their tribal sovereignty.
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[edit] Tribe forms in New England
The tribe was formed by Samson Occom, a Christian member of the Mohegan tribe of Connecticut. They became a tribe in 1769 when seven Christian and English-speaking communities organized and moved to land near Waterville, New York. In the 1770s, they settled there while under intense pressure to again move west. By the early 1800s, the State of New York had purchased most of the land that the Brothertown tribe owned.
[edit] Treaties to move west
In 1821, numerous New York tribes signed a treaty with the federal government and acquired 860,000 acres (3,500 km²) in Wisconsin. In 1822, another delegation acquired an additional 6.72 million acres (27,200 km²) which consisted of almost the entire western shore of Lake Michigan. The Brothertown alone were to receive about 153,000 acres (619 km²) along the southeastern side of the Fox River near present-day Kaukauna and Wrightstown. Some of the other tribes in the 1821 treaty felt they were misled by the federal government. The treaty was hotly debated for 8 years, so it was never ratified by the United States Senate. The federal government mediated a settlement with 3 treaties in 1831 and 1832. The settlement consisted of exchanging the agreed upon lands for the 23,040 acres (93 km²) now referred to as the entire Town of Brothertown in Calumet County along the east shore of Lake Winnebago.
[edit] Tribe moves west to Wisconsin
The Brothertown leadership led the move west so they could live in peace and Brotherhood (hence the name Brothertown). The Brothertown joined their neighbors, the Oneida tribe and the Stockbridge-Munsee tribe, and planned the move to Wisconsin. Five groups of Brothertown arrived in Wisconsin on ships at the port of Green Bay between 1831 and 1836. Upon arrival, the Brothertown cleared land and began farming after building a church near Jericho. The federal government almost immediately decided that the land in Wisconsin had fertile soil, so it decided to move the Brothertown west to Kansas. In 1834, Brothertown tribe members demanded individual titles to land (the land had been considered tribal property) so they could not be forced to move west again. In 1839, Congress agreed to this demand because they wanted the tribe members to become American citizens. There is some question as to whether or not the tribe gave up their sovereignty. In 1878, the federal government met with the Brothertown leaders and allowed unclaimed land in the former Brothertown Indian Reservation to be sold mainly to German immigrants. [1]
[edit] Today
[edit] Federal recognition status
The Brothertown have been petitioning the federal government since 1981 to once again be federally recognized as a tribe — in effect, re-recognized. Federal recognition was initially stripped from the Brothertown people when they accepted United States citizenship in an effort to avoid being displaced yet again. However, the policy as implemented among the Brothertown Indians, the first Native Americans granted United States citizenship, stripped them of what we today call tribal sovereignty. The Brothertown contend that the treaty that was signed states that all other treaties and rights specified in them were considered still intact. [2]
The Brothertown elect a non-federally recognized tribal council which meets monthly. They have bought back a small portion of their former reservation, and continue to function as a non-recognized tribe in the state of Wisconsin. There are certain rights and assistance available to the Brothertown as individual Indian descendants, but these are greatly limited due to a lack of federal recognition.
[edit] Culture
The Brothertown remain a culturally distinct Indian community with the largest concentration residing in the Fond du Lac, Wisconsin area. There were about 2400 enrolled members in 1999. Union Cemetery in the town of Brothertown, Wisconsin, and Quinney Cemetery located just outside the former reservation boundary are resting places for many Brothertown Indians. Many Brothertown return to these grave sites yearly to honor their ancestors and tend to the burial sites. Brothertown members hold a picnic every July and a homecoming every October.
[edit] Archaeological project
University of Pennsylvania archaeologist Craig Cipolla has begun an archaeological project on historic Brothertown sites. He is hoping to get community involvement from Brothertown members and local landowners. The project is supported by the Brothertown Tribal Nation. The goal of the project is to locate, map and explore sites in need of preservation.[3] [4]
[edit] References
- ^ [1] "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES", Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904. Retrieved January 4, 2007
- ^ (Reference 25th Congress, 3rd session. February 6, 1839, Bill H.R. No. 1,112. Rep. No. 244. Appendix a. Center of page no. 5. Also reference House of Representatives. 33d Congress, 2nd Session. Ex. Docuement No. 66, This is a series of reports/correspondence from a duly appointed Brothertown leader ("Delegate from the Brotherton Tribe", William Fowler,pg. 2 first paragraph.) and the Secretary of the Int.
- ^ Brothertown Archaelogical Project, Retrieved June 24, 2007
- ^ "Brothertown archaeological project planned", Tri-County News (Wisconsin), May 24, 2007, p. 3.
- [2] Marilyn, "The Brothertown Indians", Retrieved January 4, 2007
- [3] "Brothertown History", Retrieved January 4, 2007
- [4] Commuck, Thomas. "Sketch of the Brothertown Indians." Wisconsin Historical Collections 4 (1859). 291-298.
From the collection of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin: W 576 W81., Retrieved January 4, 2007
- [5] Tribal History, Focuses on Earlier Tribal Formation, last accessed February 2006, inaccessible January 4, 2007
- [6] Appleton Post Crescent 2005 article on status of tribe federal application, last accessed February 2006, inaccessible January 4, 2007
