User:Bothnia/scratch/Fredrik Gripenstierna

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Fredrik Gripenstierna (1728–1804) Swedish inventor of the first cryptomachine. Grandson of Christopher Polhem.

[edit] External links

• [1]

[edit] Source

• Bengt Beckman. Codebreakers: Arne Beurling and the Swedish crypto program during World War II. Translated by Kjell-Ove Widman. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, c2002.
• Bengt Beckman. "An early cipher device: Fredrik gripenstierna's machine." Cryptologia. Volume XXVI , Issue 2 (April 2002) pp. 113 - 123.