Bosnian Pine

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Bosnian Pine

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: Pinus
Species: P. heldreichii
Binomial name
Pinus heldreichii
H.Christ
Pinus heldreichii on Orjen.
Pinus heldreichii on Orjen.

The Bosnian Pine (Pinus heldreichii, synonym P. leucodermis; family Pinaceae) is a species of pine that occurs in the mountains of southeastern Europe, in southwestern Bulgaria, Bosnia, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, northern Greece (south to Mount Olympus), and locally in southern Italy (it is the symbol of the Pollino National Park), growing at 900-2,500 m altitude. It often reaches the alpine tree line in this area. It is an evergreen tree is up to 25-35 m height, and 2 m trunk diameter.

The Distribution of Pinus heldreichii and Abies alba on Orjen have differing patterns. The mesophytic Silver Fir is restricted to humid northern sides whereas the xerophytic Bosnian Pine prefers south facing slopes.
The Distribution of Pinus heldreichii and Abies alba on Orjen have differing patterns. The mesophytic Silver Fir is restricted to humid northern sides whereas the xerophytic Bosnian Pine prefers south facing slopes.
Pinus heldreichii in beech forest on Orjen.
Pinus heldreichii in beech forest on Orjen.

It is a member of the hard pine group, Pinus subgenus Pinus, with leaves ('needles') in fascicles (bundles) of two, with a persistent sheath. They are 4.5-10 cm long and 1.5-2 mm thick. Bosnian Pine cones are 5-9 cm long, with thin, fragile scales; they are dark blue-purple before maturation, turning brown when ripe about 16-18 months after pollination. The 6-7 mm long seeds have a 2-2.5 cm wing and are wind-dispersed.

A notable specimen in the Pirin Mountains of Bulgaria, known as Baikushev's Pine, is 24 m tall, 2.2 m in diameter, and is estimated to be over 1300 years old.

[edit] Nomenclature

The species was first described as Pinus heldreichii by the Swiss botanist H. Christ in 1863 from specimens collected on Mount Olympus, and then described a second time as P. leucodermis in 1864; the author of the second description (the Austrian botanist F. Antoine who found it on Orjen above the Bay of Kotor) being unaware of the slightly earlier publication by Christ. Some minor morphological differences have been claimed between the two descriptions (leading to the maintenance of both as separate taxa by a few botanists), but this is not supported by modern studies of the species, which show that both names refer to the same taxon. The discrepancies in the descriptions are largely due to Christ's cone specimens being immature and shrunken after drying, having been collected in July, four months before maturity.

[edit] Cultivation and uses

Bosnian Pine is a popular ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, giving reliable steady though not fast growth on a wide range of sites, and with a very neat, conical crown. It is also noted for its very decorative purple cones. It is very tolerant of severe winter cold, hardy down to at least -45°C, and of severe wind exposure. Many in cultivation are still grown under the name "Pinus leucodermis" or "Pinus heldreichii var. leucodermis".

[edit] References