Boehm system (clarinet)
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The Boehm system for the clarinet is a system of clarinet keywork, developed between 1839 and 1843 by Hyacinthe Klosé and Auguste Buffet jeune. The name is somewhat deceptive; the system was inspired by Theobald Boehm's system for the flute, but differs from it (necessarily, since the clarinet overblows at the twelfth rather than the flute's octave), and Boehm himself was not involved in its development.
Klose and Buffet took the standard soprano clarinet, adapted the ring and axle keywork system to correct serious intonation issues on both the upper and lower joints of the instrument, and added duplicate keys for the left hand and right hand little fingers to simplify several difficult articulations throughout the range of the instrument. The Boehm clarinet was initially most successful in France -- it was nearly the only type of clarinet used in France by the end of the 1870s -- but it started displacing the simple system clarinet and its descendants in Belgium, Italy, and America in the 1870s and, following the example of Manuel Gómez, a prominent clarinetist in London who used the Boehm system and the Full Boehm system clarinet, in England in the 1890s.[1] [2] By the early twentieth century, virtually all clarinets used by performers outside of Germany, Austria, and Russia were of the Boehm system or one of its derivatives. The only alteration to Klosé and Buffet’s clarinet that has wide currency is the Full Boehm system clarinet which was introduced by Buffet in the 1870s.
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[edit] Development
The clarinet was an inelegant instrument in the early 1800s in spite of the eight keys it had acquired. In 1812, Iwan Müller remodeled the instrument and raised the number of keys to thirteen. Other instrument makers made small improvements to Müller's design, but the Boehm system clarinet represented the first complete rethinking of the key system to attain success after Müller.
[edit] How the instrument was changed
The ring keys that Boehm created when constructing his flute gave other instrument inventors the means to devise logical fingering systems that allowed for more physical agility. Ring keys and needle springs were the two major features in the design of Klosé and Buffet's new clarinet. However, they refrained from incorporating Boehm’s concept of full venting.
Ring keys virtually eliminated the problems of cross-fingerings. These rings surround the tone holes so that when a finger covers the tone hole, it also pushes a metal ring down to a level flush with the top of the hole. The ring, in turn, is connected to a long axle (borrowed directly from Boehm’s flute), which then causes another hole located elsewhere on the instrument to be covered by a padded key.
As an original invention for the clarinette à anneaux mobiles, Buffet utilized needle springs in order to control the opening and closing of keys mounted on axles. Needle springs are mounted on posts screwed directly into the wooden body of the clarinet and are used for all keys other than those with extremely short pivoting axles, which continue to make use of simple leaf springs attached longitudinally to the underside of each separate key. This is the method of operation of the keys on pre-Boehm "simple system" woodwind instruments.
[edit] End results
The acoustics, tone, and technique of the Boehm system clarinet are decidedly different from the pre-Boehm clarinet.
Shackleton writes, “In particular, it is easy to perceive that the pre-Boehm clarinet, with rather small tone holes spaced about 2 cm apart, should have very different characteristics from the Boehm instrument carrying tone holes every centimeter or so.” The tone of individual notes and the intonation of the scale depend on the precise relationship between the resonances. For example, if the second prominent resonance is not exactly an octave plus a fifth above the fundamental, the resonance will not be properly built and will therefore result in a less vibrant tone.
The tone of the Boehm system clarinet is more open sounding than its predecessors’ veiled sounding tone. Fork- and cross-fingerings create a greater number of closed holes which is another cause of the pre-Boehm clarinet’s dull sounding tone. Due to the advancements in keywork, the Boehm system clarinet does not rely on many such fingerings, therefore allowing for more open holes and a more vibrant tone.
Furthermore, Boehm keying advancements notably improved the technical facility of its players. Boehm system clarinetists became able to play their instruments using more sequential fingering patterns, therefore increasing accuracy in executing fast passages.
[edit] Full Boehm clarinet
The Full Boehm system clarinet is the only extensively accepted modification of Klosé and Buffet’s 1843 Boehm system clarinet, though its added complexity, weight, and cost have kept it from supplanting the latter altogether. It features four improvements creating an even more streamlined fingering system. The first improvement was to include a seventh ring on the instrument; adding a cross-fingered E flat’/B flat’’ to the range, much like that of the modern saxaphone. Next, an articulated C sharp’/G sharp’’ key was added; permitting a B/C sharp’ and F sharp’’/G sharp’’ trill to be made in nearly perfect pitch with a much simpler fingering pattern. A low E flat key was also added because it is a note that did not exist on previous clarinets and it is required by some composers. The addition of the E flat key is also convenient when A clarinet parts must be transposed at sight on the B flat instrument, so that the former's lowest note, (written) E (often called for because it is part of any clarinet system’s practical range) may be played on the latter as (written) E flat. Finally, an alternate A flat/E flat’’ key for the left hand fourth finger was added, allowing more efficient fingering of certain passages.
[edit] Other modified Boehm systems
Numerous other attempts have been made to create new clarinet key systems based on the Boehm system. None has achieved substantial acceptance, though some are still in use by a few musicians.
[edit] Mazzeo system
The Mazzeo system was invented by Rosario Mazzeo in 1961. Its main feature is a linkage operated by any one of the right-hand ring-key fingers which opens the third right-index-finger trill key for playing the throat B flat, instead of using the register key, thereby avoiding the tonal compromise that comes from using the tiny register key hole for venting B flat.
[edit] McIntyre system
The McIntyre system was patented in 1959 by Robert and Thomas McIntyre of Naugatuck, Connecticut. They developed a new mechanism for control of the throat notes (A flat, A, and B flat) using only the left hand rings, allowing these notes to be played without the need to move the position of the left hand.[3] There are only three trill keys, rather than the standard Boehm system's four, for the right first finger. Otherwise the fingerings are the same as in the standard Boehm system.
The McIntyres produced and sold clarinets using their system, but faced an uphill battle in marketing them. Other than the need for the clarinetist to learn the new throat fingerings, the main drawbacks to the system were the weight and complexity of the mechanism. Lacking funds to work on improvements, the McIntyres tried to interest a major clarinet manufacturer in the system but were unable to reach an agreement, and production of the instrument ceased.
[edit] NX system
The NX system was developed by acoustician and clarinetist Arthur Benade from the 1970s until his death in 1987.[4][5] The NX clarinet has a distinct bore shape. In addition, differences from the standard Boehm system include: separate holes for the register key and for throat B flat, operated by a single left thumb key via an automatic mechanism; elimination of some redundant tone holes, with some resulting changes in fingering; and modifications of tone hole spacings, tone hole depths, and key pad heights to minimize turbulence in the bore.
Canadian clarinet maker Stephen Fox has done further research along Benade's lines,[6] and now offers custom built NX system clarinets for sale.
[edit] Reform-Boehm system
The Wurlitzer Reform-Boehm system was developed around the middle of the 20th century by Fritz Wurlitzer, and Reform-Boehm clarinets are currently made by Herbert Wurlitzer Kunstwerkstatt für Holzblasinstrumente GmbH.[7] The system combines the bore characteristics of Oehler system clarinets with Boehm fingerings. Differences between this system and standard Boehm in actual use include different altissimo fingerings, a smaller hand position, and greater bore resistance requiring more air to play.[8]
[edit] Notes
- ^ Rendall, F. Geoffrey (1971). The Clarinet. Ernest Benn Limited, 99. (Third Edition)
- ^ Baines, Anthony (1991). Woodwind Instruments and Their History. Dover, 320-323. (republication of third edition, 1967, as reprinted with corrections, 1977)
- ^ McIntyre System Clarinet. NC Clarinet Collection. Retrieved on 2007-03-16. Includes images of booklet and fingering chart.
- ^ Benade, Arthur H.; Keefe, Douglas H. (March 1996). "The Physics of a New Clarinet Design". The Galpin Society Journal 49: 113–142. doi:. (JSTOR archive, subscription required).
- ^ The Benade NX Clarinet, Part I: Origins. Stephen Fox. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
- ^ The Benade NX Clarinet, Part II: Development. Stephen Fox. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
- ^ Herbert Wurlitzer Klarinetten. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
- ^ Stier, Charles (July-August 1991). "The Wurlitzer Reform-Boehm Clarinet in America" Volume 18, Number 4: 18. International Clarinet Society. Republished at Cherry Valley Music. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
[edit] References
- Bate, Philip; J. Voorhees. Keywork. Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (subscription required). Retrieved on 2006-11-03.
- Benade, Arthur H. “Woodwinds: The Evolutionary Path Since 1700.” The Galpin Society 47 (1994): 63-110.
- Béthune, Anthony; W. McBride. Buffet, Louis-Auguste. Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (subscription required). Retrieved on 2006-11-04.
- Brymer, Jack. Clarinet. New York: Schirmer Books, 1976.
- Halfpenny, Eric. “The Boehm Clarinet in England.” The Galpin Society Journal 30 (1977): 2-7.
- Lawson, Colin, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
- ---. The Early Clarinet: A Practical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Annotated Checklist of Mazzeo System Clarinets. National Music Museum (May 6, 2003). Retrieved on 2007-06-04.
- Pino, David. The Clarinet and Clarinet Playing. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1980.
- Rendall, F. Geoffrey. The Clarinet. London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1957.
- ---. “A Short Account of the Clarinet in England during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” Proceedings of the Musical Association 68th Sess. (1941-1942): 55-86.
- Rice, Albert R. “Berr’s Clarinet Tutors and the ‘Boehm’ Clarinet.” The Galpin Society Journal 41 (1988): 11-15.
- Ridley, E. A. K. “Birth of the ‘Boehm’ Clarinet.” The Galpin Society Journal 39 (1986): 68-76.
- Shackleton, Nicholas. The clarinet of Western art music: Compass, registers and Intonation. Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (subscription required). Retrieved on 2006-11-04.
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